Soft Systems Methodology by Peter Checkland
The Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) was developed by Peter Checkland at the University of Lancaster in the late 1960s. Previously, the system was seen as a modeling utility but later on used as a learning development tool for creating models that allow the user to structure different perceptions about the real world.
The SSM entails beginning with studying a real world problem in a relatively unstructured way then developing a model for that particular situation. The tool can be utilized to unravel evaluative lessons from programs with several goals and many perspectives on these objectives by developing individual views on the program, then constructing models based on these perspectives and comparing them with the real life situation (Checkland, Scholes, and Checkl, 1990).
Classic SSM inquiries have seven stages: defining the situation, expressing the particular situation, root definition of the relevant systems, developing the model, comparing the model with the real world, developing feasible interventions, and taking action to improve the situation.
Effective Technical and Human Implementation of Computer Based Systems (Ethics) by Enid Mumford
ETHICS as defined by Enid Mumford is a practice based on the participative approach to the development of information systems (Mumford, 1995). This concept incorporates the socio-technical perception that for a system to be effective and efficient, its technology aspect must fit meticulously with the social and organization considerations. This implies an improved quality of working life and increased job satisfaction for the system end users must be a major consideration of the design process. In as far as the organization and its administration are concerned, this goes a long way to achieving productive systems and also guard the users’ interests. To support this argument, Mumford refers to the failures encountered in the traditional implementation of many systems where only the technical and economic considerations were made.
References
CHECKLAND, P., SCHOLES, J. AND CHECKL, P.B. (1990) Soft systems methodology in action. New York: John Wiley & Son Ltd, West Sussex, England.
MUMFORD, E. (1995). Effective systems design and requirements analysis: The ethics method (information systems series). Basingstoke: MacMillan.
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