John Hopkins School of Medicine (1995) describes conducting airways as those consisting of the oro-and nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, main bronchi, lobar bronchi, divisions of bronchi and bronchioles. However, the alveoli, alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles are involved in the gaseous exchange with the pulmonary capillary.
Community-acquired pneumonia is caught in the public areas such as schools. It is caused by the virus, bacteria and fungi (John Hopskins School of Medicine, 1995).
Hospital-acquired pneumonia may be acquired in hospital and in most cases at the intensive care unit.
Reactivated tuberculosis occurs due to reactivation that takes place within the old lesions or progression from primary into chronic form.
Small-cell lung cancer disease involves formation of cancerous cells in lung tissues and is associated with paraneopastic syndromes.
Non-small cell lung cancer also involves formation of cancerous cells in lung tissues at slower rate.
Respiratory distress syndrome causes difficulties in breathing especially to premature infants (John Hopskins School of Medicine, 1995).
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a lung disease affecting premature infants weighing below a thousand grams during birth.
Croup is a viral infection causing swelling of trachea and larynx resulting to severe coughing (John Hopskins School of Medicine, 1995).
Epiglottitis is inflammation of the cover tissues of trachea. Epiglottis is a tissue that prevents food from entering the airways (MedlinePlus, 2012).
Bronchitis is a viral infection of the lung which occurs to young children between 3-6 months old (John Hopskins School of Medicine, 1995).
The risk factors for lung cancer include cigarette smoking which depends on consumption, prolonged exposure to some form of rays such as the x-rays and high intake of dietary fats.
The lung cancer radiologic manifestation is that of pulmonary nodule in which observation with the CT resolution shows smalls lesions forming (NCI-NIH, n.d).
The symptoms of mediastinum invasion include lung cancer pain due to tumor invasion, voice hoarse, the neck and face edema and shortness of breath.
Cor pulmonale is failure of the right part of the heart due to prolonged high blood pressure. Its symptoms include breathing difficulties or even light-headedness when performing tasks.
Hypoxia occurs when the part or entire body receives insufficient supply of oxygen. Its symptoms include feeling of nausea, fatigue and difficulties in breathing.
Respiratory failure arises when the respiratory systems fail in eliminating carbon dioxide and supply oxygen leading to excess carbon dioxide and less oxygen in blood. The symptoms are feeling of nausea, fatigue and difficulties in breathing.
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Pulmonary hypertension affects arteries, lungs and the right part of the heart. It narrows arteries thus inability of blood flow to reach the lungs and thus increasing the pressure in the arteries.
The treatment includes administering of medication such as vasodilators and surgeries which includes transplantation.
Secondary pulmonary hypertension is caused by clotting of blood in lungs, heart abnormalities, and liver disease (Mayo Clinic, 2012, March 27).
References
Familydoctor.org. (2011). Pneumonia; overview. Retrieved from
http://familydoctor.org/familydoctor/en/diseases-conditions/pneumonia.html
John Hopskins School of Medicine. (1995). Interactive Respiratory Physiology. Retrieved from
http://oac.med.jhmi.edu/res_phys/Encyclopedia/Airway/Airway.HTML
Mayo Clinic. (2012, March 27). Pulmonary hypertention. Retieved from
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/pulmonary-hypertension/DS00430/DSECTION=causes
MedlinePlus. (2012). Epiglottitis. Retrieved from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000605.htm
National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health. (n.d.). Lung Cancer. Retrieved from
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/lung
