Complete the following questions:
What factors contribute to malnutrition in both developing countries and developed countries?
Answer: The causes of malnutrition are diverse in developed and developing countries. The factors are determined by the availability of food, types of food and demographical influences. In developing countries, the main reason is unavailability of food. On the other hand, the reason for malnutrition in developed countries is high calorie diet lacking in essential vitamins and minerals. Obesity and overweight are also forms of malnutrition (Mandal).
What foods might be economically introduced to these diets to help address the problem?
Answer: For developing countries, the need of the hour is to provide Protein and Calorie rich food. Pulses can act as good supplements for the malnourished population of these countries. On the other hand, Fibre rich diet like more of green leafy vegetables can help tackling the obesity issue and curb the excess calories among the developed countries.
Complete the following question: Protein is an essential nutrient that is critical for tissue growth and repair. The average person should receive 10% to 35% of his or her daily caloric intake from protein. Under what circumstances would a person need an increased protein intake?
Answer: A person needs increased protein intake during the growth years, that is, when he is developing into an adult from a child. Other stages where the person may need increased protein intake is during pregnancy, lactation, trying to put on more weight etc.
There are two ways to calculate a person's dietary recommendation for protein. Dietary Reference Intakes of Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range: To calculate the protein needs of an individual who is consuming 2200 kcal/day based on the Dietary Reference Intake recommendation of 10% to 35% of total kilocalories, complete the following calculations: 2200 kcal × 0.10 = 220 kcal/day and 2200 kcal × 0.35 = 770 kcal/day, thus giving a range of 220 to 770 kcal/day from protein 220 kcal ÷ 4 kcal/g (the fuel factor for protein) = 55 and 770 kcal ÷ 4 kcal/g = 192.5 g of protein per day, thus giving a range of 55 to 192.5 g of protein per day Recommended Dietary Allowance relative to ideal body weight: To calculate the protein needs of a woman who is 5 feet, 4 inches tall with an ideal body weight of 120 lb (see Chapter 15) based on the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 0.8 g of protein/kg of body weight per day, perform the following calculations: Convert weight in pounds to weight in kg (2.2 lb = 1 kg) as follows: 120 lb ÷ 2.2 lb/kg = 54.5 kg 54.5 kg × 0.8 g/kg = 43.6 g of protein per day Therefore, a woman who measures 5 feet, 4 inches tall and who is consuming 2200 kcal/day with a minimum of 10% of her calories coming from high-quality protein will safely obtain her Recommended Dietary Allowance for protein of 43.6 g per day. Now, calculate your own dietary needs for protein based on both your total kcal intake and your body weight. Does your usual food intake meet your protein needs?
Answer: My body weight in Kgs is 57. I am 5 feet 2 inches tall and consume 2500Kcal a day. 10% of the calories constitute of proteins. Thus 2500*10/100= 250gm. Thus I consume 25 grams of protein. However, depending on my body weight, my protein requirement is 57*0.8= 45.6gm. This shows that my protein intake is less than what is required by my body.
Using your calculations from the above exercise (#4); determine whether your current needs are more than the RDA of 0.8g/kg.
Answer: I do not indulge in any laborious physical work or do not have any medical condition which requires more protein consumption, Therefore,, 0.8g/kg should suffice. However, I am falling behind that basic requirement and need to consume more proteisn.
4. Complete the following questions:
a) Discuss chemical digestion in the stomach.
Answer: In the stomach, the chemical digestion that takes place is majorly of protein, the Hydrochloiric acid and the proteases act together to break down the proteins leading to development of simpler forms of protein that can be further digested in the following parts of the GI tract.
b) What three gastric secretions aid chemical digestion, and how?
Answer: The three gastric secretions and their role in digestion are as follows:
Acids: The Hydrochloric acid secreted by the gastric epithelium provides an acidic environment to the contents of the stomach. This acidic environment leads to the activation of pepsinogen. This pepsinogen in used in the next level of chemical digestion which has to be initiated in the stomach.
Proteases: The secreted pepsinogen is then converted into pepsin which helps in the digestion of proteins in the stomach.
Gastrin: This is a hormone which is secreted in the stomach. This hormone helps in controlling the secretion of acids in the stomach and also maintains the gastric mobility (Bowen).
What five types of movements aid mechanical digestion in the small intestine?
Answer: The different types of movements that aid mechanical digestion in the small intestine are as follows:
Peristalsis
Segmentation
Pendular movement
Haustrations
Mass Movements
What are the different roles of pancreatic enzymes, intestinal enzymes, mucus, bile, and hormones in the small intestine?
Answer: Roles of different substances in the small intestine:
Pancreatic Enzymes: The pancreatic enzymes help in digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
Intestinal Enzymes: The enzymatic activity that has begun in the stomach continues to happen in the small intestine. The digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins continue.
Mucus: The mucus of the intestine prevents the intestinal walls from the harmful effects of gastric acids which are released into the intestine.
Bile: Bile helps in digestion of fats
Hormones: The hormones of the small intestine does the function of sending signals to for secretion of acids, they also regulate the motility of the organ.
What are the two systems of transport?
Answer: The two transport systems of the body are the Circulatory system and the Excretory system
What substances are transported by each system?
Answer: The circulatory system transports blood along with gases like Oxygen and carbon dioxide from one part of the body to the other. Whereas, the excretory system on the other hand is responsible to movement of ions and fluid from one part of the body to the other and it ends with throwing up of waste materials from the body.
What are the three processes for energy storage, and which substance is stored by each process?
Answer: Glucogenesis: Formation and storage of glucose
Lipogenesis: Development and storage of fats
Myogenesis: Formation and storage of proteins
5. Complete the following question: A 25-year-old woman who presents to the clinic for a routine check up comments that she feels gassy all the time. She asks if there is anything that she can do to relieve her problem. What information should you provide to her?
Answer: She should be given the following instructions:
Drink plenty of water
Avoid carbonated drinks
Consult the doctor if you are constipated
Avoid spicy and oily food
6. Complete the following question: When digestion is complete, nutrients are ready to be delivered to the body for use. What determines the amount of each nutrient that will be absorbed into the bloodstream before it is used or stored for future use?
Answer: The amount of nutrient to be absorbed by the body depends on the nutritional requirement of the body at that particular point of time. When the body is well satiated, it may not absorb the available nutrients at a pace at which it might have done so otherwise.
Works Cited
Bowen, R. "Gastric Secretions". Vivo.colostate.edu. N.p., 2002. Web. 4 Feb. 2017.
Mandal, Ananya. "Causes Of Malnutrition". News-Medical.net. N.p., 2012. Web. 3 Feb. 2017.
