SLIDE-1-4
WELCOME-SLIDE /ADDRESS
My dear respected faculty member/teachers and fellows, Asslamualaikum /Good Morning/ Afternoon
Oil & Gas industry and environment are much important for us, and we have to save it for ourselves and future generations.
Environmental issues are on the increase at the world and it could affect the alternatives of corrosion prevention in the future. Ecological needs still to be developed; however, some elements have been established.
SLIDE # 2
SLIDE#3
Saudi Arabia geography mostly comprises of deserts & seas and its economy is much dependent on oil & Gas industry. We need to protect our industry for sustainable progress keeping in the view, importance of our environment.
SLIDE#4
Corrosion problem in hydrocarbon industry especially Petroleum Industry be divided into two types, "wet corrosion" and "dry corrosion." Considering the case of wet corrosion, at low temperatures, material corrodes due to the presence of an aqueous solution. On the other hand, in case of completely dry corrosion, at higher temperature, the corrosion happens in the absence of a liquid. Wet corrosion is influenced by temperature, pressure and formulation of aqueous, oil and gaseous stages.
SLIDE #5
( Dear read all steps in the flow diagram according to time, my observation says that, anyone may ask you what is Scavengers)
SLIDE#6
Water includes liquefied hydrogen carbon dioxide, chloride ions and hydrogen sulfide. Corrosion could happen also when the generated water content is reduced to 0.1 %, or corrosion activity could not begin till after many years of production
Generally in case of oil & gas industry, corrosion happens due to two basic reasons that are low and high flow rates. At low flow rate, flow factor is responsible for inducing and erosion type of corrosion. On the other hand, high flow rate create pitting corrosion.
SLIDE #7
The chemicals are exceptional inhibitors, but create some toxic results and readily adsorbed with the skin. There is increasing need of corrosion prevention that should be less toxic, and biodegradable when as compared to current formulations. Eco-friendly inhibitors displaying substantially improved ecological properties and the inhibitors most widely be used in the future which will be environmental friendly.
SLIDE # 8
The problem of corrosion persists in all parts/ or sections of the oil industry. Diagram presenting generalized corrosion accursed by oxygen rich environment on marine structures to sulfide stress corrosion in hostile wells and the corrosion engineer are facing with a whole gamut of problems.
SLIDE#9
The framework is exposed to ultraviolet rays and precipitated salt condensate due to sea exposure. Maximum corrosion persists in the case of wet and excessive oxygen .Severe corrosion continues due to drying and wetting. Maximum level of pitting corrosion happens due to the tidal, mud scouring and sand. This corrosion is due to seawater by virtue of chemical and biological pollutants, entangling organisms, and even minor corrosion takes place at the bottom shifting.
Velocity of fluid flow also influences the rate of corrosion especially over an internal weld bead of vertical pipework within vertical section of pipework turning through 45 degrees.
SLIDE#10
Velocity of fluid flow also affects the rate of corrosion especially over an internal weld bead of vertical pipework within vertical section of pipework turning through 45 degrees.
One can observe the magnitude of the distribution velocity presented in contour form for fluid flow at the rate of 4 ms-. The two forms are shown:
In the case of vertical pipework, it happens over on internal weld bead, or it occurs inside the vertical section of the pipe network turning with 45 degrees.
SLIDE #11
Rate of corrosion is controlled by considering time in case of material and metal are in a saturated solution with carbon dioxide without and with the addition of 10 mg/L (ppm) of Inhibitor at 45 degree Celsius that converted to the corrosion.
SLIDE #12
The paths of current are shown between surface installation, pipelines, well and electrical machinery. This phenomenon is called stray type corrosion. The generated current parting the casing and builds up an anodic area which leads towards corrosion.
SLIDE # 13
In the case of steel surface, iron readily goes into solution as Ferric ions which combine with oxygen, carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide which depends on the elements of the electrolytic fluid. This creates corrosion and scales on form of as rust of iron oxide. Iron carbonate or Iron sulfides .These electrons shift to the cathode process. They reduce oxygenated water by developing hydroxyl ions [OH], or minimize hydrogen ions at cathode surface to generate gas like hydrogen.
SLIDE#14
The basic corrosion cell is formulated by immersion of metals in an electrolyte that is joined with help of a conductor. Out of these, one electrode prone to corrode more readily comparative to the other and is called the anode. The positive metal ions lose anode while process and electrolyte commences leaving free electrons with net negative charge. The other electrode is called a cathode that leaves free electrolyte with net positive charge. Free electrons can travel from the anode to cathode along the conductor. In this way, the electrolyte completes the circuit.
SLIDE#15
Barnacle-type corrosion can be explained as tubing corrodes in an H2S and water environment; iron sulfide scale builds up. This is cathodic and porous form in the context of steel tubing. It develops a superseding layer of iron chloride that is acidic and stops precipitation of Iron sulfide on the surface of steel. This all phenomenon creates a pit forming corrosion cell.
SLIDE # 16-17
The phenomena of degradation can be seen on pipework
In this figure one may clearly view that:
- There is localized attack on HAZ region of flange which happened due to penetration-penetration at a rate of 6.18 mm per year which is calculated by considering time factor during the operation process
- This is giving external view of limited corrosion,
- This is showing preferential weld attack on material,
- It is presenting details of preferential corrosion phenomena
SLIDE #18
One can observe the effects on a cased hole in the form of corrosion. If we observe from the top of the hole that is corroded, different small holes of perforated casing can be seen. We divided into tracks as track-1, track-2, track-3 and track-4.The observation of corrosion can be detailed as:
- Displaying the amplitude formed image.
- Presenting the increase/or decrease in the internal radius for image
- It shows cross sectional view of the walls
- Last image shows the loss of image of the metal.
SLIDE#19
Almighty Allah preserve lot of benefits in garlic not only for the human beings, but it portrays a good corrosion inhibitor. But its use in oil and gas is not economical.
SLIDE # 20
Ginkgo leaves are also one of the best green inhibitors, and researchers report its effectiveness. It provides 95% efficiency in oil & gas industry.
SLIDE # 21
HENNA ( Keep the tone friendly and point to your fellows)
Oh, my dear fellows, this is not for the wedding ceremony. Of course, you can use my deign of Henna for your future wife but I am addressing it in the context of Corrosion Inhibitor.
SLIDE#22
Syzygium Guineense is also non-toxic green inhibitor and the effectiveness of syzygium guineense is reported as 92%
Slide-23-24
Abdulrahman et al. reported Bamboos leaves not only good corrosion inhibitors but it also improve strength of material
SLIDE #25
According to research of Umoren et al., that Date palm Seed Extract can be used in the form of paste after grinding. Moreover, it is useful in the context corrosion inhibitor. The date palm seeds apart from this purpose have no commercial use and are considered as waste products.
SLIDE#26
The inhibition efficiency of Date Palm Seed Extracts was calculated by using the equation:
Blank and Inhibitor are the corrosion rates which happen in presence or absence and presence of the inhibitor, respectively, when they are used in acid one Molarity HCI and 0.5 M Molarity of sulfuric acid at the same temperature.
SLIDE#27
The polarization curve revealed that the mild steel specimen can show active dissolution with no distinguishing transition to passivation within the potential range in acidic environments.
The efficiency for polarization resistances is calculated by:
Rp and Rp0 are the polarization resistances in the absence and presence of inhibitor (DPSE), respectively.
SLIDE # 28
The impedance range was calculated by adjusting equivalent circuit model for corrosion of mild steel in 1 Molarity HCl and 0.5 Molarity of sulfuric acid. The constant phase element (CPE) response is used to represent the impedance.
= Constant for CPE
N = Constant for exponent that can be used as a device for coarseness.
D = Thickness of the defensive layer
A =Effective area of the electrode.
SLIDE # 29
Helmholtz model was used to determine the dielectric constant that corresponds to an increase in the diameter of the Nyquist semicircle and proved corrosion inhibiting effectiveness of the Date Palm Seed Extract .The observed increase/ or decrease in thickness of dual layers is associated with adsorption of the extracts organic materials. This particular decrease in dielectric constant is harmonized with Helmholtz model as presented in the equation:
The inhibition effectiveness of impedance data can be computed by comparing the values of the charge/or transfer resistance in the absence and presence of DPSE as follows:
Here and are a charge to transfer resistances in the presence & absence of the inhibitor, respectively.
SLIDE # 30
Graphs for corrosion rate and inhibition presents efficiency of DPSE against the inhibitor concentration at various times for mild steel in 1 Molarity of hydrochloric acid (HCI) and 0.5 Molarity of Sulfuric Acid on the basis of weight loss measurements.
SLIDE#31
DPSE was tested at various concentrations on the corrosion of mild steel in 1 Molarity of hydrochloric acid and 0.5 Molarity of sulfuric acid .The effect was studied by weight loss measurements at twenty five and sixty degree Celsius. The weight loss result of mild steel in 1 Molarity of hydrochloric acid and 0.5 Molarity of sulfuric acid was observed in presence and absence of various concentrations of DPSE and is displayed.
These graphs present concentration level of DPSE extract depending upon:
a. Corrosion rate
b. Inhibition efficiency
.The obtained results showed that the tested extract constrains the corrosion of mild steel at all concentration levels. These reduced levels of corrosion are due to DPSE. Review of these graphs showed higher corrosion rates in 0.5 Molarity of sulfuric acid. This revealed that DPSE repressed the corrosion of mild steel acidic environments and enhanced effects were observed in 1 Molarity of hydrochloric acid. Moreover, corrosion preventing effect enhanced with increased concentration of DPSE, which reflect the dependence of the inhibition process on the amount of inhibiting prevailing in the corrosive solution. Maximum inhibition efficiency of 86.25 percent efficiency was attained at on concentration of extract at one gram per liter (g/L) and 42.14 percent of an extract concentration of 1.5 gram per liter (1.5 g/L)
SLIDE#32
The polarization curves proved that mild steel is observed to exhibit active dissolution with no apparent transition for passivation in acidic environments
Potentiodynamic polarization curve for mild steel in 1 Molarity of hydrochloric acid (HCl) for DPSE and Potentiodynamic polarization curve for mild steel in 0.5 Molarity of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is plotted with and without different concentration levels of DPSE
Measurements for Potentiodynamic Polarization are appropriate for investigating the mechanisms and improvement of cathodic and anodic reactions along with identification of effects of an additive in reactions. Many experiments for Potentiodynamic polarization were carried out to determine these processes. The polarization curves revealed that the mild steel specimen is seen to contain active dissolution with no prominent transition passivation within the studied potential range in both acidic environments. These graphs also showed that the cathodic and anodic reactions in blank acid and with the addition of DPSE followed Tafel’s law. Consequently, Tafel parts of cathodic and anodic curves were generalized to potential corrosion to achieve the corrosion densities.
SLIDE #33
In sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) medium, the Nyquist was plotted for characterization of DPSE with a large capacitive loop.
The graphs are presenting characterization of DPSE by NYQuist having capacitive loop at high/ medium & low frequencies. The second graph is presenting capacitive of loops at high rate of frequencies with dual electric layers. The concept of BODE is also implemented during construction of these graphs. Corrosion inhibition efficiencies presented the same behavior. DPSE was found to be a much better corrosion inhibitor in hydrochloric acid comparative to sulfuric acid.
SLIDE#34
Impedance can be observed by plotting a curve for mild steel in the solution of 1 Molarity HCl in the presence & absence of various concentrations of DPSE. It is presented by Nyquist and Bode plotting technique. In sulfuric acid (H2SO4 ) solution, the Nyquist plots in the presence of DPSE and characterized by a large capacitive loop at high-to-medium frequency as well as inductive loop at low frequency. The capacitive loop at high frequencies generates double electric layer. It arises from the time constant of the electrical double layer and charge transfer in the corrosion process.
SLIDE#35
The adsorption of acidic media on the metal surface is considered as significant. The corrosion reactions are supposed to be prevented adsorption of inhibitors. In order to characterize the adsorption, the degree of surface coverage is important against different concentrations of DPSE at various temperatures. The efficiency was measured in the context of weight loss by relationship between the exposed surface and efficiency for inhibition and adjusted theoretically at various adsorption isotherms. The best result was obtained with a Langmuir adsorption isotherm model which was used to study this effectiveness, and optimum results were obtained as presented in slide. The linear plots followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
Langmuir adsorption isotherm process for DPSE on mild steel in 1 Molarity hydrochloric acid (HCI) & 0.5 Molarity of Sulfuric acid ( ) at 25 and 60 degrees Celsius is presented in this respective graph.
SLIDE #36
The temperature is an important parameter in the DPSE. The variation in efficiencies of inhibitors depends on prevailing temperature.
Many experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of temperature on the behavior of green inhibitors using the concepts of mass loss. The experiments proved that all synthesized organic inhibitors have given effective results at lower temperature as presented by the graph. But at higher temperature there is variation in efficiency of different inhibitor. The decreased efficiency due to elevated temperatures is associated with physical adsorption properties.
SLIDE #37-38
Umoren et al., 2013; Abdulrahman et al., and many other researchers reported efficiency of different green inhibitors including Melegueta, Senna, Granatum, Bamboo Leaf, Fragram, Garlic Seed, Ginkgo Leaves and Date Palm Seed in different concentration of acids as presented in the table and displayed in the graph.
(You need to read last efficiency column for slide-38 depending on time)
SLIDE# 39
Percentile contribution of existing green, non-toxic and economically is shown in graphic form. It showed that DPSE can contribute as a good inhibitor that is almost equal to bamboo leaves among the mentioned green inhibitors which is 12 percent and falls after the bamboo leaves which contribute 13%
SLIDE # 40
DPSE offers better corrosion protection for mild steel in 1 Molarity HCl and sulfuric acid having 0.5 molarities .Corrosion inhibition is afforded by virtue of adsorption of DPSE components onto the mild steel surface, which can be calculated by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm process.
SLIDE # 41
References
This is reflecting availability of the solution by research and showed by a footstep in the vast desert.
(10 ,11, 16, 17 Hu et al., 2011,8 , 9 ,11, 12,13,14,15 ,18 Brondal et al., 36 Shaban et al.,2013, 37 Umeron et al.,2013(This was your article),38 , 39 , generated by me using data from reference article. All these reference are present in work cited
