Nowadays social groups and individuals are not perceived as a closed and self-sufficient phenomena. They are included in the general relationship and interdependence. Universal interconnection, interdependence and relationships are extremely complicated by contradictory processes of globalization. The role and influence on the formation of national consciousness of the cultural self-identity should be borne in mind that national identity is implemented at two levels: the social (public, community at large) and personal (personal) (Bem, 1967). The need for self-determination has always been an important human need. Erich Fromm believed that this need is rooted in human nature (Fromm, 1939). Social transformations are accompanied by breaking many traditional identities. Modern society is characterized by the emergence of new nation-states. Due to the collapse of some of the political systems, the trend towards decentralization and national self-determination in political identity of the new meaning of the term today is associated with the identity of the company and serves as a national identity.
We are witnessing the rapid spread of cultural identity. The collapse at the time of political identity leading to the rapid spread of collective identities, based partly on precisely defined the conditions of participation in the organization of society. New forms of identity increasingly relate, on the one hand, with the private daily life, and on the other participation in the organization, which, as we have seen, it is essential for the social and economic integration. National consciousness of the individual as an integral part of the structure of self-consciousness is most often defined as a set of awareness of the subject of their national (ethnic) features, relationships and their attitude (Ross et al., 1975). The personal identity, as well as the group undergoes changes according to the influence of situational factors and the temporal; changing living conditions include a wide range of phenomena of political, ideological, economic, cultural and social. I believe that the national consciousness of the individual is inextricably linked to the identity of community, it is essentially a psychological mechanism to enable the individual social being in its national manifestations (John, Robins, 1994). The backbone is the core of the individual self-identity, which determines the position of human life in many ways, the level of its claims, the entire evaluation system. Self-esteem affects the formation of the style of behavior and vital activity of man. In other words, self-esteem largely determines the dynamics and direction of development of the subject. The subject of self-perception and self-esteem of the individual can be his body, his abilities, his social relations and identity of other personal manifestations. In accordance with the allocated system of private self-assessments. However, it is assumed that these private self, taken in their totality the dynamic, integrated into a generalized experience associated with the holistic way "I". Self-perception is a phenomenal process, which emphasizes consciousness, or at least express preconscious self-judgment attitude (Paulhus, John, 1998).
The values always reflect the generalized goals and means of achieving them. They play a role of fundamental standards that enable the integration of society, helping individuals to carry out socially approvable choose their behavior in life important situations, including the choice of the specific objectives of rational action. “Evaluative impressions of encountered persons are routinely formed, apparently without effort and specific purposes. Evaluation may be based on various criteria” (Wojciszke, 2005, p.156). Values are social indicators of quality of life and system of values forms the inner core of the culture, the spiritual quintessence of the needs and interests of individuals and social communities. The system of values, in turn, has the opposite effect on the social interests and needs, addressing one of the major incentives for social action and behavior of individuals. The crisis of values does not mean their total destruction, and change their internal structures. In any prospect of a new element entails the shuffling of all the other elements of the hierarchy (Buston, Emlen, 2003).
Culture is a form of historical memory; it is a collective memory in which the fixation, preservation and storage of lifestyle, social and spiritual experience of the society. Culture as memory retains not everything that has been created by the people, the bearer of this culture, and the fact that objectively proved valuable to her. If I use the analogy and comprehend the value and role of memory in the real life of a particular person, then we will become more clear and the value of cultural memory in the life of the nation. Man, losing the memory, and loses his own biography, his own "I" and the integrity of the individual. The social experience of people passed through the culture, and the culture of non-genetic memory can be called in this sense. The nation is aware of its unity, it has a historical memory, through which it is perceived in the past as the basis for the present and the future. The national consciousness of the connection time to reflect as a single continuous, so contact is maintained even with the ancestors: they and their works are permanently present in contemporary life.
Refusal of cultural identity is a gap in memory, and hence cancellation of its own identity. Continuity of the culture for the national consciousness, realize it or not, death is a denial of personal immortality and justification. Culture offers its bearer acceptable requirements to the procedure of conduct, values and norms that are the basis of the mental equilibrium of the individual. Personal development acts as a source of sustainable human existence and is the definition of relevant public understanding of man as a self-developing system. One such reason is the self-identity. We feel a sense of self-identity and because of belonging to a community - a sense of identity with others. The image I - complex psychological phenomenon that can not be reduced to a simple realization of their human qualities. Self-identity gives a person self-confidence, a sense of indispensability, provides a positive self-realization. Self-presentation is the ability to effectively and advantageously present myself in different situations and my personal communication style. I consciously or unconsciously seek to influence the process of formation myself.
Discrimination is often based on ignorance, prejudice and negative stereotypes. Because many people are afraid of what seems strange or unknown, they react with suspicion or even use violence against anyone whose appearance, culture or behavior unusual. Plants, actions or institutional practices, subordinating or marginalize anyone can be considered discrimination. Racism in particular has historical roots in the belief in the superiority of one group over the other, in the faith that was once used to justify discrimination against "inferior" groups. Although it occurs throughout the rejection of such views, racial discrimination, however, continues to exist. Other forms of discrimination include sexism, age discrimination, homophobia, anti-Semitism and religious intolerance, and xenophobia, a fear or hatred of foreigners or other countries.
Discrimination can be opened as a direct discrimination, characterized by intentional discrimination against a person or group (Blinder, 1973). Examples of direct discrimination can serve as a refusal to accept the child's school a certain ethnicity or housing cooperative refusal to rent flats to immigrants. Indirect discrimination is related to the impact of any policy or measure that may seem neutral but in fact systematically puts people belonging to a particular minority at a disadvantage compared with others. The increasing globalization and diversity of society causes a reaction in some people xenophobia - fear or aversion to foreigners or other countries. The need for public recognition, can also cause the formation of prejudices. Status offers the possibility of comparison, to see themselves as a person having a certain status, it is necessary that someone held a lower position. One of the psychological advantages that give it a sense of prejudice of superiority. Prejudice is more infected by those who take lower level of the social ladder, or whose position has deteriorated sharply, as well as those who are under the threat of a positive image of their own "I". Thus, the theory of social identity, explaining the causes of discriminatory inter-group relations, giving also possible with some measure of accuracy to predict the development of intergroup interactions. Discrimination based on racial or ethnic origin is one of the most inhumane. while sexism is responsible for continuing the practice of selective relations on the basis of sex, in overcoming that progress has been made, the genocide remains universal means of solving many international problems (Fiske, 2000).
Prejudice may occur in virtually automated perception, manifested in the instantaneous fixation race judge people. You can talk about the symbolic racism manifests itself in negative feelings against blacks and the like. Prejudice manifest themselves specific regulators of interpersonal relationships are often fraught with negative and destructive consequences, hinder good relations between people are the cause of misunderstanding, controversy, a source of intergroup and interpersonal conflicts and conflicts, discrimination, prevent objectivity and autonomy of the estimates of what is happening. Stereotypes are at the heart of social prejudices. Stereotypes of behavior in conflicts are the result of information influence the experience of previous human activities. Stereotypes often play a decisive role in choosing the way of behavior in a given situation (Williams et al, 2003). In its most general form can determine the three classes of causes of conflict: socio-economic, socio-psychological and socio-demographics. Thus social bias involved in the conflict, due to their gender, age, membership in various national entities, is one of the causes of the conflict. Awareness of the groups themselves as "we" and "they" are just one of the reasons for the emergence of mutual suspicion and hostility, fear, and hatred, that is, all that leads to intergroup conflict. Recent studies have shown the stereotypes that they are not only negative perceptions, they may also contain neutral or even positive characteristics of social groups. In other words, stereotypes, like other cognitive schemes, may include a variety of information from the negative to the positive.
I believe that social beliefs can act as self-fulfilling prophecies. Prejudice can affect our achievements. In a situation where others expect from me inappropriate actions that my concern could be the reason that their expectations will come true. If prejudices logically justify discriminatory behavior, then I must cancel discrimination enforced. If social institutions support discrimination means, it is necessary to abandon such support. If "they" are strangers seem to me more different from my group so we should try to personalize the members of the other group. Negative attitudes or prejudice may be the result of discrimination. In other words, the installation may be the flip side of the social hierarchy, not only because they give a rationale inequality, but also because of the special impact that discrimination on its victims. I also know for myself that due to ethnic stereotypes I have the template, schematic representation of the people of a particular race, nation (for example, about the Finns and Japanese). I have no personal experience of interaction with representatives of these ethnic groups but I have stereotypes about these groups. In other words during meeting with Finn I immediately arise all my views and knowledge of Finland. Even the mere mention is enough to activate the corresponding stereotype.
Attraction is the process of mutual attraction of people to each other, the mechanism of forming attachments, friendly feelings, sympathy, love. Emotional basis of interpersonal relations means that they arise and develop on the basis of certain feelings, people born in relation to each other (Lott et al., 1965). Interpersonal relationship is not indifferent to how communication will be built, but it exists in specific forms, even when the relationship is extremely tense. The same applies to the characterization of communication at the macro level as the implementation of public relations. In this case, whether to communicate with each other or group of individuals as representatives of social groups, the act of communion will inevitably take place, is forced to take place, even if the groups are antagonistic. This dual understanding of society in the broad and narrow sense of the word derives from the logic of understanding of interpersonal communication and public relations. Motivational structure types interpersonal relationships may be different. Thus, when a familiarity motive switching contact is the need for dealing with to have the opportunity to carry it with attractive man. Since the friendly relations are defined by interpersonal appeal (sympathy, attraction) - they are not binding. Friendly relations may arise in the short-term contact communication and persist long enough, without going into friendly relations. The emergence and subsequent development of friendly interpersonal relations defined by cooperation motives, formed under the influence of the content joint activities. Finally, the friendly interpersonal relations can reach higher level of development in a team in which interpersonal relations mediated personally meaningful and socially valuable content
group activities.
Turning attractions in the process of interpersonal perception with the utmost clarity that reveals the characteristic of human communication, namely the fact that communication is always a realization of certain relationships (both social and interpersonal). Attraction associated primarily with this second type of relationship, implemented in communication. Attractions can be viewed as a special kind of social attitude to the other person, which is dominated by the emotional component, when this "other" is evaluated primarily in terms of inherent affective estimates. The empirical (including experimental) studies mainly focus on and clarify the factors that give rise to positive emotional relationships between people. Attachment is manifested even in infants to the wrong person, that meets their needs. However, there is reason to believe that it is due to not only the conditional reflex establishing relationships with others, but also an innate need in the relationship. Turning attractions in the process of interpersonal perception with the utmost clarity that reveals the characteristic of human communication, which has already been mentioned above, namely the fact that communication is always a realization of certain relationships (both social and interpersonal). Attraction associated primarily with this second type of relationship, implemented in communication.
Attractions can be viewed as a special kind of social attitude to the other person, which is dominated by the emotional component, when this "other" is evaluated primarily in terms of inherent affective estimates. The communicative aspect of communication, or communication in the narrow sense of the word, is the exchange of information between communicating individuals. Interactive party is to organize the interaction between communicating individuals, ie not only the exchange of knowledge, ideas, and actions. Perceptual aspect of communication is the process of perception and knowledge of each other's partners in dialogue and the establishment on this basis of mutual understanding. People do not just perceive each other, but form with respect to one another a certain relationship. On the basis of those estimates is born rich range of feelings that is, the rejection of a person to sympathy, even love for him.
For me interpersonal relations arise as well as friendly relations, but their subsequent development is characterized by the transition from the interpersonal attraction (sympathy, attraction) to the mutual affection. For me the motivational structure friendly and the marital relationship is transformed into a need to be together actually or mentally. Naturally, the satisfaction of this need, communication (direct, or indirect contact by various means of communication) is accompanied by the positive experiences. If I identify myself with someone, it means that I am trying to control my behavior as it can be made by another person. If I show him empathy, I am just taking into account the line of his behavior.
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