Section Number.
- Glycolysis refers to the process that takes place in the cytosol and through which a molecule of glucose is broken down into a compound called pyruvate ( Reece 167)
- Everthing is doubled since there is still more substrates required for respiration and therefore more energy is still produced as the substrate is not exhausted.( Reece 167)
- In the process of glycolysis 2 NADH, 2 ATP and 2 H+ are fomed. While in TCA 6NADH, 3 H+, 1 FADH2 and 2 ATP are formed. (Reece 176).
- The NADH is produced in the mitochondrion during the citric acid cycle. NADH and FADH2 play a role in the ATP synthesis during the oxidative phosphorylation. The electrons play the role of linking glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to the oxidative phosphorylation, which uses the energy released by the electron transport chain to form the ATP (Reece 172)
- 30 or 32ATP are produced from one molecule of glucose. 4 ATP are produced by the substrate phosphorylation. Substrate phosphorylation refers to a process where the ATP synthesis occurs when a phosphate group is transferred by the enzyme action from a substrate molecule to ADP (Reece 176)
- Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondrion whereas light reaction of photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast, although the energy (ATP) is generated using the same principle, chemiosmosis.
The ATP synthetase complexes are similar for the two processes.
However, in oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondrion, the high-energy electrons are extracted from organic molecules while in the light reaction of photosynthesis; the source of electron is water. In oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondria use chemiosmosis to transfer the energy to ATP from food molecules while, in the light reaction of photosynthesis, light energy is converted to chemical energy (ATP) ( Reece 196)
- Mitochondrion is the site for cellular respiration where energy in the form of ATP is produced. Chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis where light energy is converted to chemical energy that is stored in the form of sugar molecules. Both of them have the mechanisms that produce ATP as the end product. The two organelles possess the double membrane wall.
- In mitochondria; protons diffuse from the inter-membrane space through ATP synthase to matrix, resulting in the ATP synthesis. In the chloroplast, the synthesis of ATP is as hydrogen ion moves from the thylakoid space back to the stroma through the enzyme ATP synthase complexes. (Reece 196)
- Dihydroxyacetone is used in gluconeogenesis to make glucose-6-phosphate. It may also be converted to pyruvate in the process of glycolysis (Reece 170)
- A kinase is an enzyme used to transfer phosphate groups from high- energy donor molecule through the process of phosphorylation (Reece 170)
- The enzyme isomerase catalyses the reversible conversion between dehydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraladehyde-3- phosphate. Phosphofructokinase transfers a phosphate group from ATP directly to the opposite end of the sugar; this helps it to investigate the second molecule of ATP. Triosephosphate dehydrogenase is used to catalyse the oxidation of sugar by the transfer of electrons to NAD+ forming NADH. The energy from the reaction is used to attach a phosphate group to the oxidized substrate. This results to the product of very high energy. The pyruvate kinase ensures the transfer of a phosphate group from PEP to ADP (Reece 169)
- A major component of the electron transport system includes the proteins, which exist in various multi-protein complexes that are usually numbered I through IV. Bound to these proteins are the prosthetic groups, non-protein components that are for catalytic functions of some enzymes. Another name of ubiquinone is the coenzyme Q or Co Q ( Reece 172)
- The term electronegative refers to a substance having lower affinity for electrons. Oxygen is extremely electronegative and therefore do not attract electrons most readily ( Reece 177)
- Cytochrome refers to the proteins that are due to the remaining electron carriers between ubiquinone and oxygen (Reece 173)
- Oxygen is needed during the respiration process to generate energy in the form of ATP during aerobic respiration. Without the oxygen, lactic acid and ethanol would accumulate thereby injuring the cells. ( Reece 177)
- ATP synthases are the enzymes that make ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. It works like an ion pump which runs in the reverse. They are located in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion or the prokaryotic plasma membrane. And there are 26 or 28 ATP molecules given out in oxidative phosphorylation.( Reece 173)
- The protons that exit the ATP synthase are driven by the proton motive force across the membrane through the H+ channel provided by the ATP synthase ( Reece 174)
- In photosystem, the chlorophyll a at the reaction center complex is called P700 because it most effectively absorbs light of wavelength of 700nm, in the far-red part of the spectrum. However, the reaction centre chlorophyll a is known as P680 because it best absorbs light of wavelength of 680 nm, in the red part of the spectrum.
For both the pigments, P680 and P700, there is nearly the same chlorophyll a molecule.
- Both systems aim at the release of ATP and NADH as the final product (Reece 193)
- A photosystem is composed of a reaction center complex which is surrounded by several light- harvesting complexes. Each light-harvesting complex consist of various molecules which may include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid bound to a protein (Reece 193)
- Hydrogen ions (Protons), adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Four ATP molecules (Reece 194).
- It is re-named light independent reaction because it only occurs in the absence of light and never proceeds in the presences of light (Reece 197)
- In Calvin Cycle, ATP and NADPH are used, and this is important in carbohydrate synthesis. ATP is provided from the oxidation of acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle. NADPH on the other hand comes from the reduction of NADP. Most ATP is produced by the light driven electron current.( (Reece 197)
- Glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate is converted to glucose and other organic compounds (Reece 198)
- They are converted to ribulose biphosphate and recycled in the Calvin cycle (Reece 197)
- The sugars synthesized by plants are broken down in the process of respiration to release the energy that is required to run the metabolic functions of the body (Reece 184)
- It refers to a five –carbon sugar the CO2 is incorporated and attached in the process of carbon dioxide fixation.( (Reece 199)
- Rubisco is an enzyme that catalyses the incorporation of carbon dioxide to ribulose phosphate producing six-carbon intermediate which is not stable and splits forming two molecules of 3- phosphoglycerate.( (Reece 199)
- They both produce ATP by action of transfer of charges, either Protons, electrons or both (Reece 199)
- Carbon dioxide fixation (Reece 199)
Works cited.
Reece, B. Jane. Campbell biology (9th ed).Benjamin Cummings. 2010. San Francisco.
