[Institution’s Name]
Literature Review 3
Theoretical framework of child development, 4
1. Psycho Analytic theories : 4
2. Ericson’s Psychological theory; 5
3. Cognitive theory: 6
i. Sensory motor stage:. 6
ii. Pre-operational stage: 7
iii. Concrete operational stage: 7
iv. Vygotsky socio-cultural cognitive theory: 7
Parenting styles and their influence Child Care and Development 7
1. Authoritarian; 8
2. Homeisle; 8
Purpose of Study 8
Refined Research question 9
Refined Hypothesis & Variables 9
Variables and Definitions; 10
Measurements 10
Target Population, Sampling Method and Sampling frame; 11
Data Collection & Analysis Technique 12
Instrument for data analysis; 15
Potential Limitations 15
Questionaire; 17
References; 19
Literature Review
The presented methodology aims to develop a research-based study on the impact of full time occupational engagements of mothers outside the home on the characteristics of their children. An evaluation of the importance of childhood care cannot be underestimated because of its immense impact on the development an individual. Researchers consider it as the most important stage of life that is the primary factor for the development of optimistic attitude and constructive skills in an individual for entire life.
The brain of a young child is almost one quarter of the size of an adult; however, the development of brain is restricted to the function of stimulation, resulted from retrieved information and environmental factors. This conceives the development of senses that includes sight, sound, touch, taste and smell. Children or young individuals who are brought up in a positive and constructive environment can be potential responsible person with optimistic self-image, stimulated with the positive environmental factors.
Theoretical framework of child development,
The development of childcare has been reviewed from a number of dimensions in literature. Some of the theories predict the human behavior development from the point of view of child on conceptual grounds. The scientific investigations of child care and development are studied under the same theories with the support of scholarly readings. The referred studies have presented the following child development theories routed from the fundamental rules of behavior development and attitude cultivation. The rules of imposition are based on the following fundamental consideration.
- Development of a child is similar for each individual.
- Development is based on early learning.
- Development of an individual proceeds according to the capability of an individual.
- Different areas or factors of development are interrelated to each other.
- Development is a lifelong process commenced from childhood (Humphry R. a., 2008).
The theories can be segmented under the following illustrations.
- Psycho Analytic theories :
It refers personality as a combination of three parts. This includes Psychosexual theories which is the development of an individual psychosexual aspect is taken under five stages. Oedipus under picks complex allows children to identify the same sex parent; fixation is regarded as an unresolved conflict during the stage of a conflict. The fuedients stages further define child development according to the age and a factor that is from birth to one and a half year is oral stage. Then the development is restricted to infants' pleasure centre on mouth only, one and a half to three years the adult stage child’s pleasure focus on anus, three to six years falic stage child’s pleasure focus on behavioural development.
- Ericson’s Psychological theory;
The second registered theory is Ericson’s Psychological theory that is distributed on the eight stages of psychological development with a unique development task assigned to each stage. According to the referred theory, developmental changes keep progressing throughout the life span. However, the personality development of a young child is cultivated by early experience and family relationships. The referred theory very much relies on unconscious aspects of minds; it regards the development process as the best phase of personal skill development. The entire life span of child development in Ericson’s theory consists of the illustrated eight stages.
Stage 1; Trust versus mistrust.
Stage 2; Autonomy versus shame and doubts.
Stage 3; Initiative versus guilt.
Stage 4;Industry versus inferiority
Stage 5;Identity versus identity confusion
Stage 6; Intimacy versus isolation
Stage 7; Generativity versus stagnation
Stage 8;Integrity versus distray
- Cognitive theory:
The Piagets cognitive development theory is a part of cognitive theory of child development. It refers the child development as a constant stress of conscious mental process. Further on, the theory refers cognitive processes in the phase of development are influenced by biological maturation. The referred theory of development determines child development in four stages. It refers that the assimilation, accommodation and familiarity with the daily conduct is a way that makes the children understand the customs and the norms of the world and to get adjusted into it with the support of their experiences. The Piagets stages of cognitive development can further be classified into the following stages of development.
- Sensory motor stage: In this stage the infant develops an understanding of the world with the support of sensory experiences such as reflections, instinction actions, symbolic thoughts etc.
- Pre-operational stage: This is the stage when a child conceives surrounding and displays feelings with the support of words and images compromising over symbolic thinking. The act of development is visible from the connection of sensory information and physical actions.
- Concrete operational stage: This is the stage that is ruled over by adolescent reasoning compromising over the idealistic and logical ways.
- Vygotsky socio-cultural cognitive theory: Social and cultural Interaction with people, etc. It could rather be defined as a theory with a focus on sociocultural cognitive behavior and information processing. That is as an input of social development adhering modeling limitation. It could refer be defined as an inspirational order in which the behavior of a person is aspired as an imitational element. It gathers features from all the other theories to form a compact theory and refers the environmental factors a fundamental element that influence child development.
Parenting styles and their influence Child Care and Development
It can be summed up that each single theory cannot possibly address all the characteristics and related questions of personality development of the child. Further on, apart from the theories, illustrated above, the child development is structured with the support of different kinds of parenting. Thus, the importance of parenting styles cannot be underestimated from the aspect of the personality development of individuals. The various parenting styles are presented by the theorists for positive guidance techniques to assist parents in the optimistic child care with a positive self concept, self management and responsibility of attitude. The parenting styles in the broad spectrum can be classified into three main types.
- Authoritarian;
Authoritarian that is limited without freedom: In such a style of parenting, parent’s words are more a verdict with absolute control, misbehavior is punished, affection and praise is rare and the attitude of parents is to control the behavior and conduct of young children. The children are expected unquestioned obedience. A hardened personality to take decisions or conscious choice and an over reliant individual. The characteristics of such children include obedient, distrustful, discontent, withdrawn, unhappy, hostile, not high achievers and often rebel.
- Homeisle;
Take task and take responsibility of them and discipline. The outcome of such a parenting style is that stern commitments, active participation in responsibilities and duties and participation in family fun(Marsiglio, 1991). The children in such a state are also better achievers and satisfied. The trait of children under this parenting style are self reliant, self controlled, content friendly, generous, cooperative, high achievers and less likely to be serious restrictive or eloquent .
Purpose of Study
Precisely, it can be concluded that the child care and development is the most important element considering the child care and development. However, the parenting styles are greatly inflicted with situational and environmental impact of the surroundings. These considerations influence parental management with subsequent impact on child care and development. The purpose of the investigation is to measure the impact of parent's occupational engagement on child care and development activities for a fair analysis of the contributing factors.
Refined Research question
- A study of the impact of parent's occupational engagement on child care and development.
- If a single parent has full-time employment outside the home, does it have a negative effect on the characters of their children?
Refined Hypothesis & Variables
H1 - Occupational engagement of both parents compromise over childcare quality.
H-2 - Single parents need additional support for child care and development.
Variables and Definitions;
- Dependent Variable (Full time employed parents outside the home); The employment status options an individual possesses to earn money of the head of a family setup, who brings up the child / children to whom she / he have given birth (Loeb, 2007).
- Independent Variable (Child care and Development); The care and upbringing of an individual / set of individuals in a family under the age of puberty or the legal age of adulthood. In this particular investigation, children care described the up bringing of the number of young ones borne by the mother living with her in the same home / family set up (Loeb, 2004).
- Definitions of other factors;
Not employed outside the home; It refers to the state in which the mother stays at home. Working from home or not is not the concern, as the research question aims to investigate the impact of mother's availability at home over the child care and development activities (Network, 2006).
Measurements
H1 - Occupational engagement of both parents compromise over childcare quality standards.
Dependent Variable- Parent Occupational Engagement
Independent Variable- Child care quality standards
Questions for measurement;
- Total number of working hours in week.
8-10
10-20
20-35
- Mark the features of child care quality you fall short to adhere;
- Healthy Environment
- Quality Food
- Educational activities
- Entertainment trips
H-2 - Single parents need additional support for child care and development.
Dependent Variable- Single parent
Independent Variable- Child care and development support
Questions for measurement;
- How will you rank your Marital Status; Married, single (widow/ separated/ committed), committed
- What are the factors of child care that stress you the most; Transportation, cost management, backup arrangement.
Target Population, Sampling Method and Sampling frame;
The s target population of my examination can visibly be segmented into three dimensions.
- The parents were together and both of them worked on the livelihood.
- The parents were together and one of them worked on the livelihood.
- The single parent who lived with the child and have to earn for the livelihood and child care development.
Qualitative survey with parents and working mothers will also be performed along with discussion of pupil behavior and attitude at school and home with child care development centers. For the sake of variations in the focused group, working parents beyond child care development centers seeking the help of family friends/relatives or high services like nanny etc will also be explored to read their opinions and requirements in the light of research questions. The purpose behind encompassing such a broad spectrum is to avoid any lope holes of findings. The readings will be carefully evaluated on the data collected from first hand survey in the shape of structured, semi-structured and unstructured questions. Likewise, the observation of attitude and body language of the respondent will also be a major part of the study to provide a fair idea of the response over the topic by the respondent. The Random Sampling method is opted for the sampling frame. It is the most appropriate a method in view of the nature of research as population from different vicinity that is a child care centre and home care settings will be explored for the investigation.
Data Collection & Analysis Technique
The presented piece of paper aim to step ahead in the research performed in the domain of occupational engagements of the parent or the working spectrum of a single parent and its impact on childcare development. Qualitative survey with parents and working mothers will also be performed along with discussion of pupil behavior and attitude at school and home with child care development centers. For the sake of variations in the focused group, working parents beyond child care development centers seeking the help of family friends/relatives or high services like nanny etc. will also be explored to read their opinions and requirements in the light of research questions. The purpose behind encompassing such a broad spectrum is to avoid any lope holes of findings. The readings will be carefully evaluated on the data collected from first hand survey in the shape of structured, semi-structured and unstructured questions. Likewise, the observation of attitude and body language of the respondent will also be a major part of the study to provide a fair idea of the response over the topic by the respondent.
SAS (one smaple t-test)- A one sample t-test is a statistical test, which allows the researcher to determine whether a sample significantly differs from a hypothesized value.
Chi-square test – A Chi-square is used to test the relationship between various categoraical variables. Though in our studty, the questios 1-4 has 3 options, I have considered it to be categorical, since in most of the cases there are only 2 possible answers to those questions. For example, the answer to the question - Out of Home Care arrangements are more secure than in house care arrangements is most probably a yes or no, and very rarely do parents respond as no idea to such questions.
Percent distribution- Few people has answerd yes, to questiosn 1-4 and few have answered no, but how does one find out which was the most common answer? This is where computing the percent distribution of the data helps. It gives the researcher a pricture as to what answers were given and how often were they given.
Instrument for data analysis;
The most appropriate an analysis technique that is also manageable for me appear to be simple percentage analysis. The multi dimensional scaling is utilised for measurement of each variable to acquire accurate information on the factors examined to attain conclusion on the research question. In order to refine the application of analysis technique numerous scholarly resources were explored to enforce multiple check on the accuracy of the selection of analytical technique
Potential Limitations
Evaluation of versified levels of economic, social and domestic factors over a single platform is the biggest challenge of the study. To secure the consideration, the developmental psychology of the parents and children are assumed to be on the same level which will help to attain a fair conclusion of the research. Likewise, the working class or levels aims to target the focused group of the same economic class to assume similarity of behavioral adjustment and expensive routine employment status etc. This will help to secure the elements of internal validity.
Data Sources;
The data exploited for the support of study are earlier conducted researchers presented by scholarly writers in literate journals. Likewise, articles in newspapers and published readings of government factors will also be exploited to get a fair view on the picture. Further on reports will be exploited to discuss and evaluate such factors as child care facilities, parental occupation, behavioral developments, facts about working parents etc. The researches on the long term impact of excessive occupational engagement of parents will also be investigated. These information aims to attract the trail of teachers and person that marks short comings and places of improvement in child care development sectors. Hence, with the exploitation of analysis, techniques and theoretical support recommendation will also be provided to answer the research question in the most appropriate a manner.
Questionaire;
References;
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