Question 1
Stevens G.A. et.al (2012) in the article National, regional, and global trends in adult overweight and obesity prevalence identify the overwhelming rates of obesity all over the globe. The writers aim to present comparable and contrasting trends in obesity and overweight levels in various regions. They provide estimates of 1980 to 2008 amongst the adult population of over 20 years old. A Bayesian Hierarchical Paradigm is utilized to measure the body mass index of the sample to evaluate the variables in the study such as gender, year, country, and age of the adults (Stevens G.A et.al, 2012). The findings are estimated in terms of percentages and the average of the population as well as dispersion interval levels that generate the null hypotheses. The areas are picked at random across the world to ensure that the information is generalizable from a global perspective. The writers’ research indicates that obesity and overweight cases have increased since 1980 and continue to accelerate at a fast pace. However, even though the obesity levels have shot up over two decades, the trends and numbers vary depending on the area. The results provided by the authors could be useful in setting targets and interventions during the high-level conferences in the United Nations.
Question 2A
Toxic water poisoning emanates from various avenues such as poor management of water resources, pollution, and inadequate sanitation. The lack of stringent policies to control the use of the water sources makes it easy for people to misuse the resources inflicting harm on others resulting in the toxic ingestions. However, pollution and poor sanitation are the primary contributors towards water poisoning due to the release of harmful substances in the resources such as lead and mercury (Carmichael, 2013). Exposure to the toxic substances causes abdominal pain, stool problems, kidney dysfunctions, headaches, memory loss, loss of functional and development skills amongst children, etc.
Question 2B
Water problems are highly prevalent in the developing nations due to poor management. Other factors that bring about the challenges include poverty, population growth, and illiteracy. The governments of the underdeveloped countries should strengthen their efforts to provide enough water services to civilians such as formulating larger and visible projects and addressing health problems related to water. Through the facilities, water issues will be alleviated leading to social and economic progress. Water planning initiatives are also crucial; hence, they should be integrated to protect the supply systems. For example, the water projects should consider human and ecological factors alongside engineering and hydraulic principles. Failure to this, the programs will not satisfy the local needs of the people in the regions inhibiting their involvement in the exercises (Carmichael, 2013).
Question 3
Tamer Afifia, Emma Liwengab & Lukas Kwezi evaluate food insecurity in Tanzania. Based on their analysis, they attribute the epidemic to human mobility and rainfall variability in the region. They run a comparison amongst three villages in the Kilimanjaro area and show a positive correlation between food shortage and migration and rainfall variability (Tamer, Liwengab & Kwezi, 2014). The authors also take other factors into account such as education, wealth, and age. The two factors raise the levels of food insecurity amongst the livestock and people. The fascinating aspect of the article is the fact that the Kilimanjaro region is considered fertile since it is near the Mt. Kilimanjaro. The research entails a contrasting perspective that area has the highest levels of food insecurity in Tanzania because of the underdevelopment of the nation that has made citizens unable to tap the benefits of the physical feature. The high levels of migration can be seen as the mechanisms that people undertake to deal with the food insecurity in the region.
References
Carmichael, W. (Ed.). (2013). The water environment: algal toxins and health. New York: Springer Science & Business Media.
Stevens G.A et.al (2012). National, regional, and global trends in adult overweight and obesity prevalence. Population Health Metrics.
Tamer Afifia, Emma Liwengab & Lukas Kwezi. (2014). Rainfall-induced crop failure, food insecurity and out-migration in Same-Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Climate and Development
Volume 6, Issue 1.
