Powerpoint Outline
I. Brief Overview of the Theorists Background (Slide 1)
A. Education
B. Career and Appoinments
II. Introduction to Transcultural Nursin Theory (Slide 2)
A. While working as a clinical nurse specialist with disturbed children and their parents, she observed recurrent behavioral differences, among the children, and finally concluded that these differences had a cultural base.
B. Leininger emphasizes that culturally congruent care is vital for satisfactory outcomes.
C. She maintains that nurses cannot separate world views, social structure, and cultural beliefs from health, wellness, illness or care when working with cultural sub-groups because these factors are closely linked.
D. Culturally congruent care is what makes clients satisfied that they received “good care”, and it is the powerful healing force for health.
III. Background of Theorist and theory (Slide 3)
A. Beginnings of Theory
B. Definition of Terms
C. Transcultural Theory Concepts
D. Underlying Assumptions
IV. Objective (Slide 4)
Reader will argue about the Transcultural Nursing Theory in respect to:
Understanding the concepts
Identify and synthesizing the underlying assumptions
Defining models and themes
Know the 3 modalities of the theory
Assumptions in the Theory (Slide 6)
Care as a centre of nursing
The culture of care
The purpose of care
The Metaparadigm (Slide 7)
The Person: Who was the individual credited for the transcultural theory?
Environment: Where and how did this person live?
Nursing: How did he promote the nursing profession?
Concepts (Slide 8)
Health promotion
Cultural concept
Culture and behaviours
The centre point of the theory
Analysis and Critique (Slide 9-11)
The nursing practice
The nursing education
Promotion of healthy lifestyle
Nursing research (Slide 10)
Credits the discovery of the theory
Provides consistent and continous development of the theoretic attributes
Nursing practice (Slide 11)
Promoting community health by including collaboration among:
Family members
Patients
Residents
Providing education and counseling to people
Conclusion (Slide 13)
The presentation of the transcultural nursing theory have been paramount to the nursing care services.
References (Slide 14)
Article #1
Madeleine Leininger’s Culture Care: Diversity and Universality Theory (1st ed., pp. 93-99). Burtling, MA. Retrieved from http://nursing.jbpub.com/sitzman/ch15pdf.pdf
Madeleine Leininger, in her early career in nursing found the importance of “caring” as a center for nursing. Leininger, in her experience in a child guidance home, realized that the behavioral pattern of her patients was based on the culture that they are immersed in. Because of this cultural shock that she experienced, Leininger had realized that cultural care knowledge was something that nurses lack in their care for patients that come from varied cultures. In order to support compliance, healing and wellness, the missing link of cultural care knowledge should be established. Transcultural nursing was the term coined for this new construct that started in the 1950s.
Transcultural nursing was defined by Leininger as: a substantive area of study and practice focused on comparative cultural care (caring) values, beliefs, and practices of individuals or groups of similar or different cultures with the goal of providing culture-specific and universal nursing care practice. (Leininger,1995).
She developed the Theory of Culture Care: Diversity and Universality to provide care to patients with cultural appropriation in mind. Culturally congruent care was the primary goal of transcultural nursing.
This article integrated the Transcultural Nursing theory of Madeleine Leininger and described different assumptions and components of this theory. Nurses who realize the value of culturally competent care are able to provide care that have positive effects on clients from different cultures. Caring is the core of nursing. In the nursing world today, we are faced with cultural diversity because of the influx of immigrants and globalization, therefore nurses who are equipped with the knowledge of culture should integrate this into their care. This allows wholistic care to all patients.
Article #2
Mixer, S. (2011). Use of the Culture Care Theory to Discover Nursing Faculty Care Expressions, Patterns, and Practices Related to Teaching Culture Care. OJCCNH.Org, 1(1), 3-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.9730/ojccnh.org/v1n1a1
Nursing education, practice and research on transcultural nursing are of value to provide the health needs of patients all over the globe. In nursing education, it is the nursing faculty’s responsibility to prepare future nurses to be able to provide culturally congruent care. However, according to Mixer (2008) & Pacquiao (2007), the nursing faculty’s preparation in teaching transcultural nursing is lacking (Mixer, 2011).
An ethnonursing research study was done to explore nursing faculty care practices that support teaching cultural competent care to students with transcultural nursing in their curriculum in urban and rural universities in the Southeastern United States. The goal of this research was to discover the care expressions, patterns and practices of the nursing faculty to teach nursing students transcultural nursing. In this study, the participants were twenty seven Anglo – and African-American faculty. It was discovered that faculty care was based on religious beliefs, values and practices; there was no organizing framework in teaching culture care; generic and professional care were provided by the faculty; for the faculty to teach culture care, care is essential for faculty’s health and wellbeing (Mixer, 2011).
This research study based on Leininger’s theory of Trancultural nursing contributed to the practice and nursing education in understanding the multifaceted nature of teaching culturally congruent care. The research provided a basis for future nursing studies. This study was indeed beneficial because it extends the use of Leininger’s transcultural theory to not only the nursing practice which can be applied to patients but also to nursing education which can be applied to the faculty and to the students. The findings support that meeting the culture care needs of both the faculty and students help promote the well -being of both students and faculty. Furthermore, it supports Leininger’s theoretical assumptions that culture care is essential for human growth, health and well-being (Leininger, 2006a).
Article #3
Murphy, S. (2006). Mapping the Literature of Transcultural Nursing. Journal Of The Medical Library Association. http://dx.doi.org/PMC1463039
Transcultural nursing focuses on worldwide cultures and cultural caring. Its goal is to provide culturally congruent care. This culturally constituted care to people of diverse cultures is safe, knowledgeable and competent. At the start , no databases were present on Transcultural nursing, in the present, transcultural nursing theory is expanding and refining.
The purpose of this study entitled Mapping the Literature of Transcultural Nursing is to identify the core literature and databases of Leininger’s theory. They made use of journals that were analyzed for a three-year period and 138 core journals were identified by this study, although transcultural nursing also relies on literature from associated health sciences fields.. Eight major databases were compared and resulted in 3 databases that provided the best coveragemainly PubMed/MEDLINE, Social Science Citation Index and CINAHL. They identified that almost all of the references were from 18 years ago. Lastly, books also provide an important reference format (Murphy, 2006).
This study concluded that for a field as broad as Transcultural Nursing, no single can be comprehensive enough therefore, as a nursing researcher, multiple databases are needed. Transcultural nursing spans beyond nursing to draw a vast amount of information. One must also make use of health sciences disciplines. Based on the results on this study, one can conclude that more research studies should be made based on Leininger’s transcultural theory because recent literature is also important to the field. Globalization requires nurses to provide and contribute to the relevant literature of Transcultural Nursing (Murphy, 2006).
Article #4
Leininger, M. (1988). Leininger's Theory of Nursing: Cultural Care Diversity and Universality. Nursing Science Quarterly, 1(4), 152-160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089431848800100408
The essential components of Leininger’s Theory of Nursing: Cultural Care Diversity is present in the paper she made on the year 1988. Leininger proposed that culturally congruent care is the core of nursing. It provides the broadest and most important means to study, explain, and predict nursing knowledge and concomitant nursing care practice (Leininger, 1988).
Leininger’s theory stemmed from her clinical experience realizing that culture was the missing link in the nursing field. The components of a theory which are the assumptions, definitions, and theoretical explanations are presented with what is seen as a sunrise model. Leininger’s concept of culture was derived from anthropology and it was from nursing where she derived the concept of care. Culturally congruent care is possible when the nurse and client work together to create nursing care culturally based that is patterned to the needs of the patient (Leininger, 1988).
Several assumptions of Leininger include some of these: Care is the essence and central core of nursing, culturally beneficial nursing care can occur when cultural care values, expressions or patterns are used appropriately and knowingly by the nurse (Leininger, 1988).
Leininger’s theory is relevant in these times of globalization. The world needs culturally competent nurses who consciously address the fact that culture affects the relationship between the nurse and the patient. It is important to consider the culture of patients because every nursing action provided has different effects on different patients. A culturally competent nurse shows respect, sensitivity and appreciation regarding the diversity of culture. A culturally competent nurse makes an effort to gain knowledge on culture to provide wholistic nursing care.
Article #5
Leininger, M. (2007). Theoretical Questions and Concerns: Response From the Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality Perspective. Nursing Science Quarterly, 20(1), 9-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894318406296784
The theory of culture care diversity and universality since its conceptualization in the late 1950s and its continued development has been used by health care professionals worldwide. With that in mind, it has generated vast new nursing knowledge. This theory takes care in the context of culture. It incorporates people in their cultural life context and includes religion, politics, philosophy of living and many other social structure factors that influence the culture of care.
Discovering and using culturally congruent care appropriate to individuals, family and communities would be satisfying, beneficial and desired by cultures and subcultures (Leininger, 2007). Providing culturally congruent care to patients has become a goal and norm in health care services worldwide (Leininger & McFarland, 2006). To promote the quality of life and health, government programs in the USA has been promoting culturally congruent health education and practices.
Reading the article, I have concluded that culturally based care should be the foundation of nursing science now and in the future. In-depth study of different cultures must be done to identify the relationship of care and culture and how culture contributes to the health and well- being of patients worldwide. In the beginning, nurses were not very accepting of the concept of culture care because they were used to medical ideas and practices. The present condition of health care should take a paradigm shift to allow culture care to replace the ideology of nursing and medicine that focuses solely on diseases and symptoms.
References
Leininger, M. (1988). Leininger's Theory of Nursing: Cultural Care Diversity and Universality. Nursing Science Quarterly, 1(4), 152-160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089431848800100408
Leininger, M. (2007). Theoretical Questions and Concerns: Response From the Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality Perspective. Nursing Science Quarterly, 20(1), 9-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894318406296784
Madeleine Leininger’s Culture Care: Diversity and Universality Theory (1st ed., pp. 93-99). Burtling, MA. Retrieved from http://nursing.jbpub.com/sitzman/ch15pdf.pdf
Mixer, S. (2011). Use of the Culture Care Theory to Discover Nursing Faculty Care Expressions, Patterns, and Practices Related to Teaching Culture Care. OJCCNH.Org, 1(1), 3-14.http://dx.doi.org/10.9730/ojccnh.org/v1n1a1
Murphy, S. (2006). Mapping the Literature of Transcultural Nursing. Journal Of The Medical Library Association. http://dx.doi.org/PMC1463039
