In "Cognitive Ergonomics: Understanding, Learning, and Designing Human-Computer Interaction" the authors discuss the applied aspect of cognitive science associated with the modeling of human cognitive activity that helps to solve practical problems in various areas. Chapter 1 "Human-computer interaction models and their roles in the design of interactive systems" shows the trends in the development of cognitive studies and emphasizes the relevance of applied aspects of cognitive science. Chapter 1 in "Cognitive Ergonomics: Understanding, Learning, and Designing Human-Computer Interaction" describes the conceptual framework of the application of cognitive research aimed at solving practical problems in various spheres of human activity. The main problem involves modeling of human cognitive activity. Currently, there are several areas of research that are based on the need for such modeling: human-computer interaction, cognitive design of computer systems and training systems. In the field of cognitive research important research problems related to the modeling of human cognitive activity, extraction of expert knowledge in the practical aspect of applications in various fields of human activities, including for the construction of cognitive technical systems. The effect of human activity caused by such factors as fatigue, monotony of operations, perceptual and intellectual capacity, working conditions, physical environmental factors, biomechanical and physiological factors. According to the authors, the concept of extraction expertise, suggesting modeling expert reasoning, implements the basic principle of the anthropocentric paradigm that implies a study of instrumental mediation activities. Modeling expert reasoning involves two main stages: the identification of knowledge and its structuring. In both cases, expert activities will be more successful and effective if it is mediated by some meta-language - the tools for structuring the declarative and procedural type, allows to record different kinds of knowledge (knowledge about objects, about the actions of the situations and events) in a clear and pictorial form.
In practice, health services must deal with a large volume of information. Development and use of hospital information systems and automated systems for the registration of medical data, allowing you to make the decentralization of access to information. Excessive flow of information has the same negative impact on the choice of the correct decision procedure, as well as lack of access to the necessary data. The introduction of computer control systems and monitor the patient's condition can provide substantial assistance to the medical staff in the processing of vast amounts of information. Therefore, topical use of computer systems for recording and documenting the incoming data. Using the developed and implemented software systems, application packages has led to a profound rethinking of health statistics, the introduction of new procedures for working with it. "Integrating users' activity modeling in the design and assessment of hospital electronic patient records: the example of anesthesia" shows that the main purpose of information is effective information management software system as a whole, controls on the levels of the hierarchy, specialists in various fields. Thus, in the formulation of information problems defining criterion of expediency and efficiency is a focus on the information needs of end users. M.Beuscart-Zéphir (2001) analyzed trends in medical diagnostic and administrative processes. Especially tangible impact of computer technology in the processing of large data sets. Therefore, an automated financial accounting system records are a natural source using computers in health care facilities. The network of health care institutions, numerous medical personnel engaged in the collection and processing of huge amounts of data. These data formed by physicians of all specialties, nurses, technicians, pharmacists, and others. In order to provide effective health care is important to all the experts had the opportunity to exchange information (decision of medical continuity problems). Information technology, which would run through the health care system from a single workstation to a particular health care facility employee management personnel at all levels. These factors determine the direction of work on health information based on new information technologies to improve the efficiency of the decision management tasks. Areas of information reflecting the applied aspect "do not allow the identification of the major cognitive problems the physicians will encounter when dealing with the interface" (Beuscart-Zéphir, 2001, p.159). The user interface is implemented by all new technologies must comply with common standards that allow the user to switch from one task to another with minimal effort on the development of procedures. The health care system not only determines the purpose of the computer system (which data, for example, should be treated and what type of registration records should be issued), but also the requirements for the operation of the system (for example, the necessary degree of reliability and speed of access to information). The use of computer systems has surely sociological implications. The use of the new system (if it is not a replacement calculator computer) changes the habitual way and mode of physician and nursing staff. It can be disrupted traditional roles of health professionals and the established relationship between the individual groups of people, for example, between doctors and nurses.
P.Gardenfors, P.Johansson (2014) in "Gardenfors, P., & Johansson" is based on the idea of cognitive ergonomics and trying to apply them to the field of education. The new cognitive approach is an attempt to prepare a theoretical platform for the development of some of the methods to increase the productivity of the human brain and the intellectual construction of next-generation languages that meet the criteria to improve the work of the mind and super understanding. Chapter 2 "Towards a Prescriptive Theory for Integrating First and SecondHand Knowledge" shows that education is a theory ergonomics design system "the student-textbook." With this interpretation of ergonomics education completely abstracted from the problem of "intermediaries" (teachers, lecturers, teachers), leaving the study and optimization of their operations to other disciplines - educational psychology, didactics, and so on.
Informatization is designed to provide immediate access to the right information to any user anywhere at any time. Cognitive ergonomics should improve the performance of user mental labor; it means - to make information visual, clarity and quality, in order to minimize the costs of mental process of knowing, understanding, and problem solving. Cognitive ergonomics improves the presentation of information in order to make the information understandable and delivered effectively. For authors informatization means building an information, educational space, aimed at the formation of information culture of all participants in the educational process in the conditions of access to information. As part of the overall culture of the individual information culture must learn the ethics and aesthetics, ergonomics and information security (both in terms of information security, and in terms of protection of the human psyche). Information culture in this aspect incorporates the knowledge of science, the use of the achievements which are necessary for successful information operations, and the ability to apply this knowledge in their practice. Thus, the use of educational electronic editions data in the learning process is fundamental to the design of the system "man - a landmark educational environment", and the ergonomics of education can improve the presentation of information, creation of printed textbooks and the development of e-learning programs in the multimedia environment.
"Cognitive ergonomics: it's all in the mind" shows that the ergonomics refers to those sciences that can be distinguished by the object and the specific combination of methods used in them. It largely uses research methods developed in psychology, physiology and health. The problem is the coordination of the different methodological approaches for solving this or that ergonomic problems in the subsequent synthesis and synthesizing the obtained results with their help. Author states that in some cases, this process leads to the creation of new methods of research in ergonomics, methods other than those disciplines for which it originated. In this regard, there is a problem of active formation of human capabilities in accordance with the requirements that apply to it technical progress, and the opportunities that are opened in front of him with the development of technology. An integrated approach provides a comprehensive picture of the labor process and thus opens up wide possibilities for its improvement and adaptation by human activity. It is this aspect of ergonomic research is particularly valuable for the scientific organization of labor, in which the practical implementation of specific activities precedes a thorough scientific analysis of work processes and conditions of their implementation. One of the most important tasks of ergonomics is to optimize working conditions by optimally-efficient equipment design jobs taking into account the capabilities and features of the various categories of individuals. Ergonomics has become increasingly important in addressing the complex problem of rehabilitation of persons, in one way or another malfunction. Furthermore ergonomics studied psycho-physical capabilities and features of the elderly. Thus, ergonomics creates a scientific basis for solving important social problems by engaging in productive work of this part of the population.
"Embedding ergonomics in hospital culture: top-down and bottom-up strategies" reveals that cognitive ergonomics provides a basic framework for understanding of human cognition, which is required in the analysis and the corresponding change in working conditions. The main purpose of the health management system is an information, support agencies and institutions at this level through the use of modern information technologies. It increases its efficiency, as well as for accounting and control human factors of the torus. The success of the computer system will be determined not only by how fully meet the information needs of the user, but also how to organize the interaction between man and computer.
The introduction of information technologies will give an opportunity to convert properly organized system into a system that would work without interruption, on the contrary, can lead to an even worse outcome. Only a thorough preliminary analysis before the start of the development allows the customer (health workers) and the developer to determine the range of the necessary requirements for the system. It allows to carry out its maintenance and changes, eliminating thus as disadvantages the very computer system and environment that it serves. “Every department/ward is visited annually for an audit of their performance. This includes a review of known risk assessments; an update of new staff working practices and equipment; a check to ensure documentation is up-to-date” (Hignett, 2001, p.79). Great value has the creation of an ergonomic support of scientific organizations and safe working conditions. For this purpose, should be made to develop ergonomic standards and requirements, as well as ergonomic assessment of quality of industrial products, including information systems. Ergonomics aims to solve a number of problems related to the accuracy of the assessment of reliability and stability, the effect of mental tension, fatigue, emotional factors and features of neuro-psychic organization operator efficiency. The basic approaches and principles of creation of automated control systems is largely due to the ability and level of automation functions. Problem-task automation allows to apply the principle of economic and mathematical methods for managing automation, minimizes the amount of unnecessary information at every level. The system aspect of the field of health information system should be a powerful multilevel geographically distributed corporate information system. The choice of platform and architecture information system will set the overall power of the information service to users. In general, created an information system provides the reliability and integrity of information assets by regular means of modern technology to support large databases. The regulation process data processing contains addition functions, official and technological instructions, technical documentation for each task and the instructions for the end user. Using an integrated database is not limited to the operational data processing and analysis of current medical and financial statistics reports. The main purpose of an integrated database implies a possibility to provide a comprehensive analysis of the situation.
References
Beuscart-Zéphir, M. C., Anceaux, F., Crinquette, V., & Renard, J. M. (2001). Integrating users’ activity modeling in the design and assessment of hospital electronic patient records: the example of anesthesia. International journal of medical informatics, 64(2), 157-171.
Gaines, B. R., & Monk, A. F. (1990). Cognitive Ergonomics: Understanding, Learning, and Designing Human-Computer Interaction. P. Falzon (Ed.). Academic Press.
Gardenfors, P., & Johansson, P. (Eds.). (2014). Cognition, education, and communication technology. Routledge.
Hignett, S. (2001). Embedding ergonomics in hospital culture: top-down and bottom-up strategies. Applied ergonomics, 32(1), 61-69.
Hollnagel, E. (1997). Cognitive ergonomics: it's all in the mind. Ergonomics, 40(10), 1170-1182.
