Question1
There are roles that law enforcement agencies play in the areas of cyber exploitations. One of the roles is that they can collect intelligence information about the perpetrators so that they are able to understand the connections that these perpetrators have. The law enforcement agencies can then break these networks of the perpetrators of cyber crime. They can then prosecute the subjects. Cyber crime is taken to be another crime that can be committed by an individual. The prosecution and the process of undertaking investigations are done by the law enforcement agencies. There are some agencies like the Secret Service who are not involved in the prosecution of the subjects of crime. Their role would include ensuring that they collect as much information regarding the subject as possible. FBI is present in 61 cities in the world. This means that it is well placed to get information that is related to the crime that is being investigated (Fritsch, Holt, & Liederbach, 2006).
There are challenges that law enforcement agencies face during cyber crime investigations. One of the challenges is the jurisdiction of the crime. There are different agencies and courts that are required to handle different cases. When it comes to cyber crime, it is difficult to know which court will handle the case. This is because in most cases, the origin of a cyber crime can be traced to many states away or even outside the country. This makes it hard to pass judgment or even continue with further investigations. There are challenges that are faced when a case touches another state or country.
Another challenge is anonymity and lack of proper identity. Before the issue of jurisdiction comes up, it is hard to understand the origin of a given crime. Cyber crimes are hard to be traced. The perpetrators hide their identities. It is hard for law enforcement agencies to uncover them and undertake the prosecution. In most cases, the law enforcement agencies will require the input of technology experts in order to pin the perpetrators.
Another challenge that law enforcement agencies face is the fragile nature of digital evidence. The nature of digital evidence that is presented for law enforcers is an important issue that makes it hard for investigations to be carried out.
Question 2
There have been different developments on the US intelligence since the passage of the National Security Act in 1947. This was signed into law by President Harry Truman. With the passage of this law, there are many reforms that have been seen with the development of the United States intelligence. One of the reforms is the creation of a commander that takes care of the nation’s security. The 1947 Act did not have a centralized management of the intelligence system. One reform that was done to this is by having a centralized intelligence system. This was undertaken to manage the central intelligence issues. Initially, there was only IC to manage intelligence (Fritsch, Holt, & Liederbach, 2006).
Another reform that has been seen with the implementation of the National Security Act is the separation of intelligence and Central Intelligence Agency. This has made it easier to manage security intelligence of the nation (Fritsch, Holt, & Liederbach, 2006).
Another reform to the act regarding intelligence is the creation of homeland Security docket where internal intelligence would be handled exhaustively. This made the internal intelligence to be an issue of focus for the nation. There are many acts which have been passed that are tasked at handling the intelligence of the nation.
The US intelligence, then Intelligence Community, had some weaknesses in light of the attacks of September 11 2001. One of the weaknesses is that they failed to link and disrupt suspects to the attacks. They failed to exploit the opportunity on both the individual and collective information that appeared to be relevant to the attacks on September 11. There was lack of surveillance within the United States. This could have been used to unravel the works of the terrorists. The US Intelligence had a weak alert system so that they were not able to alert the forces. If these were put in place, there would have been high alert and hardened the nation security against any form of attack (Fritsch, Holt, & Liederbach, 2006).
Question 3
Hate crimes are acts of crime like vandalism, arson, murder that are committed against someone because they are from a different race, religion, gender, disability, age, and ethnicity. In this type of crime, the person that the crime is committed against is chosen because of a feature that they have no control over (Fritsch, Holt, & Liederbach, 2006).
One of the controversies of hate crimes is that there is no prove that the subjects have been more hurt than the subjects of ordinary crime. There is no way that someone can prove that they have been hurt more because they were assaulted due to their skin color. Another controversy is that such legislations are put in place to punish thoughts and beliefs.
It is also argued that one of the controversies is the increased identity politics. With the legislation, there are arguments that with this trend, there will be an increase of groups which seem to be competing.
Politicians have argued about the constitutionality of enhanced penalties against suspects of extremist groups because they believe that whether one is a member of an extremist group or not, the crime they have committed is still the same crime that would have been committed by a non-member. There is no way that harm can be said to be harder and more painful when committed by an individual (Fritsch, Holt, & Liederbach, 2006).
Question 4
The Earth Liberation Front (ELF) and Animal Liberation Front (ALF) are individuals or groups of individuals who make use of economic sabotage or guerilla-like tactics to bring to s stop the exploitation of the environment. The two have a role in the extremist activities in the United States because many man-made disasters are taking place in the United States. Many extremist organizations undertake these destructive measures in the name of helping save the environment. This is going overboard because there is much extreme destruction that is seen in the name of these fronts. ELF use environmental exploitation like fires while ALF use animals. One method that the ALF use is opening animals that are used for fur out of their places. These have not been effective. This is because their activities have been associated with acts of terrorism and lost the meaning that they wanted to convey at first (Fritsch, Holt, & Liederbach, 2006).
Question 5
The first internet exploitation that can occur is hacking. This is where an intruder breaks into the computer system of a far user for personal gains. Internet exploitation is phishing where an individual will pose as an official representative of a company and tries to get financial data. Another one is internet extortion. This is where emails or messages are sent to users so that they pay something to the extortionist. There is also pornography and child exploitation (Fritsch, Holt, & Liederbach, 2006).
The characteristics of individuals in this crime are that they understand the working of the internet. They have all the information they need. They will also not reveal who they really are.
References
Fritsch, E. J., Holt, T. J., & Liederbach, J. (2006). Digital crime and digital terrorism. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
