Final Quiz
Psychology
Explain the differences of qualitative study design and quantitative study design.
The difference in design between the qualitative and quantitative study is that the qualitative design encompasses an exploratory research where both structured and unstructured methods in data collection is employed. On the other hand, the quantitative design relies on numerical data in quantifying a given problem in which statistical methods are employed in interpreting the data.
There are several tools being used in conducting research, but the common tool observed in all studies is the use of measurement.
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of qualitative study design and quantitative study design.
Qualitative research encompasses an advantage in terms of giving the research a freedom to choose structure of the design and uses a variety of resources both narrative and numerical. However, the research design tends to be more subjective and prone bias views
Quantitative research allows a more comprehensive and technical method of measuring and analyzing data by establishing a relationship between variables, which allows an objective view of the subject being researched. On the other hand, qualitative study more complex, time consuming, and often requires immense amount of resources and sets of data.
Explain which data you obtain from qualitative study design (mention at least one).
Employing qualitative design in research requires obtaining narrative data from interviews, surveys, expert testimonies, observations, and literature review.
Explain which data you obtain from quantitative study design (mention at least one).
The primary data obtained from quantitative study design is generally statistical, which often represents the result of measurements such as continuous data, ordinal, and categorical data.
Explain at least two biases and in which of the studies you will have to consider them.
Sampling bias encompasses selecting samples that do not represent the general population, which is often observed in some qualitative studies. On the other hand, bias in external validity is the failure to apply the conclusion of the study to the general population, which occurs in quantitative studies.
Prior to conducting a study, which kind of formalities is to be followed? Name all of them.
Prior to conducting research, the formalities include conforming with the members of the academic institution in order to get committee approval and supervision if necessary. In addition, securing necessary authorizations are necessary including consent, compliance with the standard set of scientific knowledge, and acquired permission for preliminary ethical review.
Which incidence leads to the Nuremberg Code?
The Nuremberg Code was established as a result of the trial by the American Military Tribunal against the German Physicians who conducted unethical medical experiments on thousands prisoners in the concentration camps.
How different are studies where children are involved?
Ethical considerations are different in research when children are involved. This is because the study requires a gatekeeper, which is primarily the parent of children. In addition, the process also requires approval of the design from the ethical committees when children are involved in study as participants (Shaw et al., 2011).
Define vulnerable populations? (Define at least two)
Vulnerable population in research is defined as people that require special treatment that involves safeguarding their well-being. Members of this population include, children, pregnant women, cognitively impaired, educationally disadvantaged, prisoners, and person with disability (Shivayogi, 2013).
Explain the importance of RCT’s study design.
The importance of randomized controlled trial in study design is to eliminate tendencies of sampling biases, which ascertains the validity of the outcome variable being researched.
Why was the Tuskegee study made possible?
The public officials and doctors made the Tuskegee study possible by not disclosing information to the subjects that they are participating in an experiment. The withheld information also includes treatment because of the objective of the Tuskegee study is to produce new information about syphilis.
Define anonymous survey.
Anonymous survey can be defined as intentionally not disclosing any identifiable details about the correspondents filling out the survey or imposing a complete confidentiality (Whelan, 2007).
Which studies are anonymous? (name at least three, explain).
Studies involving human participants are often regarded as anonymous particularly in an experimental environment in order to prevent the subjects from being influenced by acquaintances that has knowledge over the subject of the study. Another examples of anonymous research are market/product research and social-political studies in which anonymity protects the participants from risks arising from their contributed information.
Define confidential survey.
Confidentiality survey is defined as a way of collecting data from correspondents that only the researcher can identify, which is an opposite of anonymous survey where even the researcher is not able to identify the information source.
Which studies are confidential? (name at least three, explain).
Studies that are often confidential include research in the field of social science, political, and empirical studies. This is because the information disclosed by the participants involves a relationship of trust, and also means keeping the identity of the participants exclusive to the researcher in order to protect self-interests.
Which results do you receive from cross-sectional studies?
The main outcome that can be received from cross-sectional studies is prevalence or frequencies. In addition, cross-sectional studies also provide information about the relationships between punitive risks and beneficial outcome.
What is mixed study design?
A mixed study design is a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods in which the results are both presented in descriptive and numerical form.
Why is a pilot study important?
A pilot research is also regarded as a standard tool for soft study where the conducted processes can be tested for errors, which will be used as reference for improvement in conducting the primary study.
Longitudinal studies are basically correlational researches that require repetitive process of observing the same variables over long period of time. There are three kinds of longitudinal studies namely retrospective, panel, and cohort (Rajoulton, 2001).
References
Rajulton Rajulton, F. (2001). The Fundamentals of Longitudinal Research: An Overview. Special Issue On Longitudinal Methodology, Canadian Studies In Population, 28(2), 169-185. Retrieved from http://www.canpopsoc.ca/CanPopSoc/assets/File/publications/journal/CSPv28n2p169.pdf
Shaw, C., Brady, L., & Davey, C. (2011). Guidelines for Research with Children and Young People (pp. 13-33). London: NCB. Retrieved from https://www.nfer.ac.uk/nfer/schools/developing-young-researchers/NCBguidelines.pdf
Shivayogi, P. (2013). Vulnerable population and methods for their safeguard. Perspect Clin Res, 4(1), 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2229-3485.106389
Whelan, T. (2007). 2007. In 30th annual meeting of the Society of Southeastern Social Psychologists(pp. 1-11). Anonymity and Confidentiality: Do Survey Respondents Know the Difference?: North Carolina State University. Retrieved from http://www4.ncsu.edu/~tjwhelan/SSSP07_Whelan.pdf
