Introduction
Annotated bibliography
Over the years there has been unending debate of whether the state should use federal funding to support the field of stem cell research or whether stem cell research should be allowed at all. According to Goodwin, This debate which has been looming on for centuries brings our thinking to the ethical question of biotechnological research and the moral use of human organs – the basic fundamental cells of life such as the stem cell. Those supporting the research and even those corporations funding it have proposed their support throwing weight on the fact that unused frozen embryos from in vitro fertility clinics would otherwise be destroyed hence they see the ethics of using them in the research (Goodwin 2012).
According to Goodwin ,The uses of the human stem cell and other fundamental genomes and genitival cells of the human being whether adult or embryo has raised concerns in a more liberal free society such as American that has fully embraced the field of genetics and human research. The ethical and moral of the human genetics research has been approached in many ways. It has now emerged so complicated from strong religious opponents and strong scientific proponents of what is morally accepted or not. This debate is unending; however scientist and the conservationist opponents have come to an agreement in the use of the human genes for research and the ethical and moral treatment of diseases. However other fields of the same have not been fully established. The aspects of cloning and embryonic stem cells have raised sharp moral questions concerning the importance of life and the aspect of the holistic approach to life which can only be attributed to the creator. Thus some fields have been embraced by both side such as in vitro fertilization and others such as cloning and genetic modifications have been critically opposed on moral and ethical grounds.
Should federal funding be availed to support the production of new lines and other forms of human genetics research?
Stem cells are basically undifferentiated that have no specific function in the body. This is because almost every cell in the body stems from these cells. During division of the stem cell each new stem cell has the potential of becoming another new stem cell with differentiated values. It all depends on the type of biochemical switch that prompts the development (Häyry 2010).
Proponents also argue that adult stem cells lack the versatility of the Human stem cells making the utilization of the latter’s stem cells unlikely to medical breakthroughs. They also argue that federally funded stem cell research requires the scientist to share data amongst themselves and also give reports to the public and congress committee on healthcare research arguing that all moral ethics are upheld. They also argue that reputable researchers are opposed to human cloning and corrupt biogenetical manipulation (Goodwin , 2012).
Opponents of the Human stem cell research have come out vibrantly to oppose the federal support for leave alone funding the stem cell research. They argue that it’s unethical and morally inappropriate as it effectively destroys life. Treatment of diseases genetically can still have alternative treatment through alternative medical treatment. This is because the unethical harvesting of a woman’s egg is not only harmful but also leads to commercial exploitation of women. This has led to such unethical practices such as reproductive cloning and unethical use of the human genes for genetic engineering (Giordano , 2012).
Many of the enlightened and religious communities in America are against the federal funding of human stem cell research and genetically interference. In June 2007, the stem cell research enhancement act of 2007, was vetoed and an executive order given encouraging research on useful that is ethically appropriate without destroying the embryo. The Obama administration latter overturned an executive order forbidding certain practices in the field of genetically engineering. However, many Americans are of the opinion that the US Senate has the mandate to protect life by passing legislation that governs the ethical field of research (Häyry 2010).
Works Cited
Human Cloning and Human stem cell Research After Seoul: Examination Exploitation, Fraud, and Ethical Problems in the Research: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy, and Human Resources of the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, Second Session, March 7, 2006. Washington: U.S. G.P.O, 2006.
Gene Patenting and Human Health: Discussion Paper. Sydney: Australian Law Reform Commission, 2004. Internet resource.
Giordano, Simona, John Coggon, and Marco Cappato. Scientific Freedom: An Anthology on Freedom of Scientific Research. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012. Internet resource.
Knoepfler, Paul. Stem Cells: An Insider's Guide. Singapore: World Scientific Pub. Co, 2013.
Häyry, Matti. Rationality and the Genetic Challenge: Making People Better?Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Technology and Values: Essential Readings. Chichester, U.K: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
Goodwin, Michele. Baby Markets: Money and the New Politics of Creating Families. Cambridge [U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Fortinash, Katherine M, and Patricia A. Holoday-Worret. Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby, 2012.
www.massgeneral.org/chgr/
stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/pages/basics6.aspx
www.nature.com/news/human-stem-cells-created-by-cloning-1.12983
