20 January 20 2017
Part #1 – Section from article, “Hip-Hop and Procedural Justice ”
Several studies have examined hip-hop for its effect on the behavior of juveniles. These studies found correlations between hip-hop music and youth acceptance of violence (Johnson et al., 1995; Johnson, Jackson, & Gatto, 1995), juvenile deviance (Miranda & Claes, 2004), and negative gender stereotypes (Bogt et al., 2010; Johnson et al., 1995). Each of these examinations found rap music or videos were associated with increased commission and acceptance of these behaviors. For example, Johnson, Jackson, and Gatto (1995) conducted a quasi-experimental study on a non-random sample of 46 adolescent African American males. In this study, they required one group to watch violent rap videos, one group to watch nonviolent videos, and a third control group which did not watch videos at all. After showing the videos and administering a vignette survey, the study found adolescents exposed to violent rap videos were more likely to accept violence in the vignettes than the other two groups.
Mahiri and Connor (2003) conducted a study that differed substantially from other behavioral outcomes studies that assume a simple causal link between exposure to hip-hop and negative outcomes. Their study is unique in that it is a qualitative examination of the process youths go through while interpreting and internalizing their exposure to hip-hop’s various messages. The authors examined a nonrandom sample of 41 middle-school students and found that instead of passively receiving the metaphorical messages conveyed through hip-hop, the youths were capable of critiquing, interpreting, and looking beyond hip-hop’s ascribed negative features (i.e., hedonism and misogyny) to find the positive or pro-social messages in the music. (Steinmatz & Henderson, 2012)
Since the mid-1990s, there have been several studies which have shown that hip-hop music is related to the following: 1. A willingness on the part of youth to think that violence is okay; 2. A willingness for youth to behave in a socially unacceptable manner; and 3. A willingness of youth to show a mixed up view of how they see women and men in relationship to each other. Another study done in 2003 showed a much different viewpoint when it comes to how youth react to listening to and watching hip-hop music. In particular, this study found that youth did not just take in the information and behave the way the lyrics might say, i.e., kill the bitch, but instead they were able to understand and critically interpret what was not appropriate in the song and what the message was outside of any violence in the song.
Part #2 – Describe a Quarter
An octagonal coin 1 cm thick and 3 cm in circumference, weighing 2 ounces, indicating by density the coin is a multiple composite. Markings indicate early medieval, although further authentication must take place. “X-ray diffraction” and “atomic absorption spectrometry” will aid in this authentication process (Johnston, 2016).
Works Cited
Johnston, G. “Being Aware of Fake Archaeological Artefacts.” Web. 21 November 2016.
Steinmatz, K. F., & Henderson, H. “Hip-Hop and Procedural Justice: Hip-Hop Artists’ Perception of Criminal Justice.” Race and Justice, 2012, vol. 2, iss. 3, pp. 155-178.
