Question
Question 1(A)
The pleural cavity is a hollow space where the lungs expand into during the process of inhalation. Air, therefore, enters the body through the nose or the mouth then it travels through the trachea that is divided into two bronchi hence reaching the lungs (Karin C. VanMeter, 2013).
(B)
In a flail chest, the sequence followed while breathing in, is not a normal one. Air from the atmosphere enters the body from a high concentration to low concentration. When it reaches the chest, unusual events take place and as the diaphragm tires; the accessory muscles undertake a larger role in breathing. In the struggle to overcome airway obstruction, the accessory muscles create more harmful intra-thoracic pressure on inspiration that draws the chest inward on inspiration (Karin C. VanMeter, 2013).
(C)
Question 2
(A)
Comparison of the signs for Schizophrenia and depression
(B)
Antipsychotics drugs function by changing the effect of certain chemicals in the brain called dopamine, acetylcholine, noradrenaline and serotonin. These chemicals have the result of altering a person’s behavior, mood and emotions (Karin C. VanMeter, 2013).
(C)
Extra-pyramidal side effects that have been noted in patients taking antipsychotic medications are dystonias, Parkinsonism, akathisia and tardive dyskinesia. Dystonias are abnormalities in muscle contraction that may result in recurring movements. The triad of tremor, inflexibility, and bradykinesia characterize Parkinsonism. Tardive dyskinesia is not reversible. Symptoms of akathisia include the failure of staying still and restlessness.
(D)
Panic attack is a response of the sympathetic nervous system. It is characterized by a fear of disaster or of losing control because of blood flow exiting the head to more critical parts of the body in defense. The response led to release of adrenaline hormone to enable escape or flee the place where the attack began (Karin C. VanMeter, 2013).
References
Karin C. VanMeter, R. J. (2013). Pathophysiology for the Health Professions. 5 Edition. Amsterdam: Elsevier Health Sciences.
