Question 1
President Clinton made a strategic miscalculation in health reforms and at the end experienced disappointments. The republicans, moderate democrats, the American Medical Association and the Health Insurance Association of America backtracked from a policy that they had agreed to support (Clinton & Clinton, 1993). The health reform suggested for implementation of universal care coverage that failed terribly remained a dream that never came true. Clinton failed to consider the matters of interest groups as he made a blunder of becoming a partisan in the health reform. The president planned to empower his leadership by public opinions and tried to play the politics of health, which botched up according to his plans.
Question 2
Since time immemorial, administrative systems continue to evolve than the clinical systems. In reality, more efforts are pumped in developing the administrative systems. The main setback that faces the evolution of clinical systems is resistance from the heath sector. Clinical systems have been associated with interference in care delivery (Velde & Degoulet, 2003). The top management in health institutions is too reluctant to ensure that all the staff is committed towards the system. The benefits associated with administrative systems outweigh the clinical system, the reason for a derail in the evolution of the system. Financial hurdles and the operational costs of the system continue to face health institutions affecting the evolution of the clinical system.
Question 3
An individual health record aims at collecting and managing medical information in a secure and accessible location. Its helps an individual to manage the clinical visits better. The primary uses include tracking and assessing the health of an individual, making the most out of the physician visits, managing health during clinical visits and helps an individual to be prepared and organized. A personal health record serves a vital role during an emergency visits a point of care as a physician can quickly assess the past medical history of the patient. The patient is also in a position to note the doctor’s instruction towards improving the health status (Jamoom & National Center for Health Statistics, 2013).
Question 4
The applications that support the functionalities of a pharmacy information system include Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE), Barcode Medication Administration, Automated Dispensing, Personal Health records among others (Smith, 2013). The CPOE plays a vital role in dosage support; gives alerts on adverse interaction and boost the Pharmacy decision support thus reduce errors that can arise in the process of drugs prescriptions. Moreover, the Barcode and the information systems make it easier for the pharmacies to administer drugs to the needy patients in the correct manner. The information system is programmed to capture data that may be useful in reducing medication errors. The Personal Health records assists in evidence based decision-making since it consists of the patient medical history up to date.
Question 5
The main purpose of the order entry system is to reduce medical errors. It involves direct entry of the patient information to assist in the process of care and treatment. The information stored includes diagnostic tests, drugs prescriptions, medications, referrals, disease signs, symptoms, and patient care (Advisory Board Company, 2004). Integrating the order entry system to pharmacy information systems reduces the errors during medication and increases the appropriateness and cost effectiveness of the systems. The CPOE is also important since it allows accessibility despite the locality solving the problem with physical barriers. When properly integrated, the order entry system supports the pharmacy information system to improve the services given to the patients.
References
Advisory Board Company (2004). Computerized physician order entry: Securing physician acceptance. Washington, D.C: Advisory Board Company.
Clinton, B., & Clinton, H. R. (1993). President Clinton's Health Care Reform Plan: Working group draft copy.
Goundrey-Smith, S. (2013). Information technology in pharmacy: An integrated approach. London: Springer.
Jamoom, E., & National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), (2013). Physician adoption of electronic health record systems: United States, 2011.
Velde, R., & Degoulet, P. (2003). Clinical information systems: A component-based approach. New York: Springer.
