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We live in an age that is witness to what many are calling the Third Industrial Revolution. 3D printing, also called additive manufacturing, moves us away from the Henry Ford era mass production line, and will bring us to a new reality of customizable, one-off production. The focus of this research is: history of the 3D printing, the impact on the progress, the factors affecting the 3D printing technology and the socio-cultural impact. Challenge of the research is to describe the history of the development of 3D printing technology.
3D-printer is a special device for outputting three-dimensional data. Unlike the conventional printer, which outputs two-dimensional information on a sheet of paper, 3D-printer allows you to output three-dimensional information, i.e. create certain physical objects. The principle of technology of 3D-printing is the layered creating a (cultivation) of solid models. The advantages of such devices over conventional methods of creating models are high speed, simplicity and low cost. For example, to manually create a model may take several weeks or even months, depending on the complexity of the product. The result is greatly increased development costs and increasing periods of finished products. 3D-printers allow you to completely get rid of manual labor and create a model of the future product in just a few hours while eliminating the possibility of error inherent in the "human factor".
3D-printing may be carried out in different ways and using different materials, but any of them based on the principle of creating a layered (growing) the solid object. The principle of operation of 3D-printers looks as follows. On the computer in the special program paint a 3D-object pattern, which will be printed the 3D printer. Special software processes the 3D-model by dividing it into a plurality of transverse layers. The metering chamber puts layers of composite powder to the bottom of a special camera. The axis of the printer dispenses a thin layer of powder. The inkjet print head puts colorless glue in the place where the next layer is applied. The next layer of the powder "glue" with the previous one, and the process is repeated as long as the object will not be fully formed. The different technologies instead of glue can be used to raft or ultraviolet laser.
That is how 3D Printing began. Three-dimensional or 3D printing is the layer by layer creation of a physical object on the basis of a virtual three-dimensional model. 3D printing traces its history from 1948, when American Charles Hull developed the technology of layer cultivation of the physical three-dimensional objects from a photopolymerizable composition (FPC). The technology is called "stereolithography» (STL). The three-dimensional printing technology originated in the mid-twentieth century, at the same time were released the first 3D printers are more reminiscent of industrial machines, rather than printers. The price of such devices is from several tens to several hundreds of thousands of dollars.
The timeline of the developpin of 3D printer is really interesting. In 1984 The American Charles Hull developed the technology "stereolithography» (SLA) for the printing of 3D-objects on these digital models of photopolymerized composite materials (FPC). In 1985 Feige Michael proposed to form three-dimensional model layers of sheet material: strips, polyester, composites, plastics, paper, etc., bonding between the layers using a heated roller. This technology is called "production facilities lamination» (LOM). In fact, the sheets stick to each other, while the laser cuts the circuit. In 1986 it was an obtaining a patent for the technology, "stereolithography» (SLA), developed in 1984. In the same year, Charles Hull founded the company 3D Systems and developed the first commercial device of three-dimensional printing. That unpretentiously named - "setting for stereolithography." In 1986 Dr. Karl Descartes and Joe Beeman at the University of Texas at Austin have developed and patented a method of selective laser sintering (SLS). In 1987 Israeli company has developed Cubital layered sealing technology (SGC). In 1988 3D Systems developed a model SLA-250, which was put into production for a wide range of users. In 1988 Scott Crump invented FDM (modeling by decomposition of melting material). This is the most common technique today. It is used in most "home» 3D printers. In 1989 Scott Crump founded the company Stratasys. In 1991 Stratasys released the first 3D-printer Dimension series extruded printhead (FDM). In 1991 Helisys sold its first car based on the object of lamination (laminated object manufacturing (LOM)). In 1992 The company Stratasys sold its first car based on FDM technology - «3D Modeler». In 1992 the company DTM sold its first system of selective laser sintering (SLS) In the company Solidscape was created. Now it is the one of the leading manufacturers. In 1995 The term "3D-printed" was coined Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Also this year the company Z Corporation received an exclusive license from MIT to use 3DP technology (Printing powder sticks together). Next year Stratasys introduced «Genisys». In 1996 the company introduced the Z Corporation Z402. In 1996 3D Systems introduced Actua 2100. To this device of rapid prototyping was first applied the name "3D-printer". In 1997 the company EOS was sold to a competitor for Stereolithography 3D Systems. And they have a monopoly. Eight years later Z Corporation released the Spectrum Z510. It was the first in the market of 3D-printer with high quality of color printing (3DP). Next year the Reprap project was opened in using the license GNU General Public Licence. In 2008 it appeared the first version of Reprap, «printer that can produce itself." At that time he could produce about 50% of the necessary details. In 2008 Objet Geometries Ltd, has developed Connex500 printer that prints several different materials at once (3DP). Now the number of materials has exceeded 100.In 2010 at Urbee: the first car designed with the help of a giant 3D printers Dimension 3D Printers and Fortus 3D Production Systems. At the same period of time the medical company Organovo. Inc announced the creation of technology, print artificial blood vessels. In 2010 the group of scientists Fluid Interfaces Group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology introduced the first 3D printer to create products - «Cornucopia». At the moment, the creation has not been a significant development. In 2011 Dutch manufacturer of 3D printers Ultimaker developed a three-dimensional printing speed up to 350mm per second. Really nice, though the accuracy was affected by the speed. Now the figure is already so surprised. The same year under the leadership of the University of Exeter and Brunel University and the Delcam firms, researchers have created the first 3D-printer that prints with chocolate. In fact, this is again FDM, the difficulty was only in the development of the composition. In 2011 the engineers University of Southampton created the first plane printed on the 3D-printer. The difficulty was more in the design of the model so that it can be printed. The model flew well.
At the same time Vienna University of Technology introduced the world's smallest, easiest and cheapest 3D printer for printing costs. It is working on additive technologies photopolymerization photosensitive resin, weighing 1.5 kg and cost about 1200 euros. In 2012 3D Systems launched a personal three-dimensional printer for home use 3D Cube. FDM. The three-dimensional printer was created at the Vienna University of Technology, the printing resolution of microscopic objects to 100 nm at a speed of 5 mm per second.
It became the trend to use 3D printing. The 3D-printing market is growing rapidly thanks to new developments and start-ups that appear almost every day. Given a number of new products, it is important to understand which of them can be really useful to use. Today, some of the trends in the 3D-printing can significantly affect the industry and its change fundamentally. These are the five most interesting. Software Sets are first. Previously, the software required to run 3D-printer, check files and to split the design into layers, and everything happened very slowly. Most packages with complex and unstable software required to run the printer. Today the software has reached a new level. Using them is easier, which will attract the attention of more people to the 3D-printing and inspire them to create their own designs. The second are Big Delta 3D-printers. There is much talk about the great delta of 3D-printers. The delta printers, 3D-printing head is very light and is moving rapidly, being suspended from the shackle 3 inside the cylindrical base. The potential of technology is very important, because it can completely change the architectural approach "with supports". The Delta accelerates the process of 3D-printing, and makes it more precise. The third are recycling fillers. Through recycling fillers, their cost is significantly reduced, and the whole process will become more ecological. People will be able to use this technology, expanding the market of desktop 3D-printing in general.
There is some easy-to-use software. To master fully graphic designer CAD can be 2000 hours. While it is impossible to say that the 3D-press and CAD are inextricably linked. But software like 3Dtin facilitates the process. Lots of free tools that are used in 3D-printing, develops the company Autodesk. Because of this, people will be able to easily understand the programs and speed up the 3D-press. Creating of printers parts instead of ready-made models is popular too. This trend is now gaining momentum among developers of 3D-printers. Many companies like Structure3D release of the printer instead of the fully finished devices. The market of 3D-printers desktop will change significantly when different companies begin to let the different parts, and the end result will be much better.
The Legal and Political Influences on 3D Printing are a bit special. The analysis of legal issues affecting the 3D Printing technology includes enforcing intellectual property and infringement laws (copyrights, patents, trademarks). “Although many patents are for complex products with a number of constituent parts, there are some simple patented products that are capable of being produced by 3D printing. For instance, simple items where the invention is the combination of a number of features, e.g. plastic laboratory equipment.” (“A 3D Printer’s Guide to Intellectual Property Rights”, 2013)
Exist some specialties with such work. For example “it does not automatically mean that injury victims will be left without any consumer protections. One wrinkle is that manufacturers are increasingly using 3-D printers and commercial distributors are making those products available to the public.” (Parker, 2013) In controlling and monitoring illegal activity Australia was really intelligent. In the Australian state New South Wales new law came into force, according to which the storage of files with print instructions for weapons of 3D-printers, and printing of weapons on it, now illegally. Furthermore, the ban also applies to instructions for milling and turning machines. To break the law there are threatens to 14 years in prison. However, in the law there are exceptions. Files can be stored only if you use them for research purposes.
People involved in a new modern business always give a stable high profit because everything new and unusual attracts customers. In recent years, the popularity of gaining business in the manufacture of 3D shapes using a special printer. Progressive new owners bring a good monthly income, people bought three-dimensional copies of his friends, characters, and other entertaining stuff. Taxes from this type of business are still poorly controlled, because this is something totally new and not very common.
The government tries to protect the public in the best way. Since widespread production of weapons with the help of 3D printers, law enforcement services improving their control. But there are some limiting regulations to promote innovation. Some types of printers are not widely available due to the fact that work on them is studied, and using them to make scientific progress possible. Determining level of government involvement is a problem. This problem solves by means of negotiations between public authorities and scientists organizations.
Study of government policies and regulations as 3D Printing expands developing national policies and regulations. It is important to work with 3D printers to create new objects because it can help develop the country's economy. Creating international policies and regulations are important too. “Experts say 3-D printing will revolutionize war and foreign policy not only by making possible incredible new designs but by turning the defense industry -- and possibly the entire global economy -- on its head.” (“How 3-D Printing Could Revolutionize War and Foreign Policy”)
Economic Questions and Considerations of 3D Printing are the same worldwide. Removal of supply chain impacting the service sector is not so common for 3D print business. But it has a negative impact on sales growth. The number of customers decreases with decreasing supply. The removal of wholesale supplier impact on manufacturing chain is almost the same. After removal of the wholesale supplier sales are down as well. You need to know the other options to return the business to an acceptable position. It is most advantageous to find a wholesale supplier of China because the technique from there is developed and prices are low.
The economic benefits exist everywhere. 3D printing shops where you can get virtually anything are almost in all countries. At the moment there quite a lot shops with 3D printing, the price refers to one gram. But it is much easier to create prototype designs without needing investors Each person which has 3D printer can easily create a prototype with its unique design. It creates less waste of materials. 3D printing helps us to maintain the environment in a favorable condition. This technique is very ecological.
Psychological Considerations and Sociological Effects on 3D Printing are mostly positive. There is some change in society. The impressive technologies of the next generation overcome the shortcomings of previous technologies and open new opportunities. Progress accelerates the adaptation of these discoveries and encourages new experiments and practical application of the results. 3D-press is determined to transform business in the coming years. The conventional wisdom still perceives this technology as a suitable for home-grown toys and crafts, and it had already entered the full-scale production. It was able not only to create prototypes, 3D-printing is all used widely for the production of three-dimensional parts and whole foods in a variety of industries. The existence and improvement of 3D printing gives great hope to people worldwide. The scientists have already found a way to use it in medicine, it means that it would be much easier to continue the lives of people.
There are a lot of hierarchies of opportunity. Many of the innovations associated with the expansion of the scientific foundation of 3D-printing. Initially, this technology was based on the physics and engineering. New technologies brought to their aid the chemistry. "Interface of constant lighting" uses chemical reactions to control the solidification of liquids. It benefits to everyone. Of course the development of this technology is beneficial for all people. In the future it will be much easier to live thanks to 3D printing. It could already save human life. There were some changes in manufacturing. Now the material is not laid out layer by layer, and creates a solid product in a continuous process. This greatly speeds up the production and the final product is much stronger than that consisting of several layers.
Cultural Content and Media Influence on 3D Printing is popular. “Traditional artists are turning to using 3D printing in their work, and making some very interesting hybrid art — that is, art made using both 3D modeling and traditional hand finishing techniques.” (Parker, “‘Spherical Creations’: Artist Dario Santacroce Creates Amazing 3D Printed Sandstone Sculptures”) But now the situation is different. There is connection of 3D printing between technology and cultural context. The technology of 3D-printing from the field of futuristic fantasy moved farther in the everyday reality and penetrates into all spheres of our life without exception. In modern models of printers is already possible to print a weapon, food, houses, cars, prostheses, music, parts for Boeing and even Barack Obama's speech. 3D printing applied to Cultural Heritage. The huge space of possibilities of application of new forms of production and opens in the production of clothing, but to master it is difficult to manage. The raw material is used efficiently, as for the manufacture of a single product is taken strictly necessary amount of (a pure form of production)
Media promotes the active dissemination of 3D printing, contributes to its promotion. But a few years ago there was a view that the 3D-press is inherently more environmentally friendly than other production methods. Now, this thesis is being questioned. On the one hand, 3D-printing is often called environmentally safe and clean, its use avoids wastes that accompany traditional manufacturing methods such as injection molding. To establish the maximum safe exposure additive manufacturing on the environment there is every chance, of course, subject to continuous improvement of materials and technologies. Ultimately, it can be said that the identification of such problems as contamination of antimony - it is the first step towards finding a safe material that will cope with the situation. The treatment safety is high. “University of Melbourne doctors and engineers are using supercomputers to create 3D models from patients with heart disease, with photos from a camera thinner than a human hair.” (“Cardiologists use 3-D printing to personalize treatment for heart disease”, 2016)
References
Parker M.A. (2016). “‘Spherical Creations’: Artist Dario Santacroce Creates Amazing 3D Printed Sandstone Sculptures”. Retrieved from:
https://3dprint.com/125539/3d-print-sandstone-sculptures/
“A 3D Printer’s Guide to Intellectual Property Rights”. Retrieved from:
http://unitedkingdom.taylorwessing.com/download/article_3d_printer_guide.html#.VxW4EtSLTIX
Parker, K.B. “3-D printing creates murky product liability issues, Stanford scholar says.”
Retrieved from: http://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/december/3d-legal-issues-121213.html
“How 3-D Printing Could Revolutionize War and Foreign Policy”. Retrieved from:
http://www.industryweek.com/technology/how-3-d-printing-could-revolutionize-war-and-foreign-policy
“Cardiologists use 3-D printing to personalize treatment for heart disease”. Retrieved from:
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases
