1
Copernicus model was an improvement of the previous cultural belief of a sun-centered solar system defined by Aristotle. He generated a theory that the earth spins once daily on its axis and always revolves around the sun. He claimed that the sun is at the center of the earth, and all the planets are organized in orbits all around the sun. This model was a revolutionary in the in that it helped understand the organization of the planets, the sun, and earth (Cunningham 89). The belief had been in use for up to one hundred years when the Copernican revolution was developed by the likes Galileo and Newton.
2
Locke’s theory of physiology discusses the survival of our conscious after death and personal identity. An individual identity criterion that specifies the necessary, sufficient and possible conditions for our survival with time is given. According to Locke, one’s identity is a subject of personal psychological continuity. He asserted that our identity is not based on the content of our body, soul or matter but memory or consciousness. Locke assumed that, unlike the subject matter or soul, consciousness is transferable from one person to the other without alteration, and hence personal identity can be preserved throughout this change (Locke 26). This theory differed from the previous assumption that substance and soul define us, and they cannot be changed. Previously, it was understood that the thinking substance and soul are necessary and sufficient to define a personal identity.
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4
Before Gutenberg developed the first printing press in late 1440, books were handwritten. Surfaces such as papyrus, clay, parchment, and wax were used where works like philosophical writings, science, law and cookbooks were recorded. However, most of these were easily copied, stolen or lost through neglect and in times of wars. It was very hard to keep copies of the materials as they were bulky and the writing could easily be erased. On the invention of the printing press, the new technology made typing and printing easier. Books could be produced in bulk, and the size was reduced as well (Jones 21). This made it easier to store, transport and express thoughts in a broader way. It was also easy to share technology and art, standardize spellings and grammar, and translate from one language to the other. In so doing, communication was easier between different nations. The western world was also able to make high income from the book sales which were invested in other forms of technology. It was also easier to document ideas and spread information all over the region.
5
In the late 16th and 17th centuries, most regions were led by an absolute ruler. However, the Monarchs in England realized the importance of having a parliament. Since then, Queen Elizabeth and Henry VII consulted the Parliament regularly. Reestablishment of the absolute monarchy by King James I turned to what is referred to as Eleven years’ of Tyranny. It was then, in 1642, that the civil war started in a bid to overthrow the king. An act of defiance to the Catholic Church ensued after the Act of Supremacy made Henry the head of the church. The war ended in 1685 where King James gave Catholics to high governmental positions. However, an army led by William and Mary invaded the king who flew from the country. The non-violence regain of power in England was then termed as the Glorious Revolution (Cruickshanks 15-17). A bill of right was made to rule the people, and the divine rights of the kingship were destroyed by the parliament.
Short Answers
Enlightened despots
Leaders should base their decision on the truth of the matter (rational).
Like other scientists, Isaac Newton believed that the “laws of Nature” behaved in Godly ways.
The Russian Czar Emperor (Peter I) disguised himself as a laborer and traveled with the grand embassy to the west.
After the misfortunes brought to his reign like hunger, poverty and fear of humiliation, he would never forgive the Paris nobles or the common people.
According to Locke and late Jefferson, the government is created to bestow natural rights and benefit everyone and not just the rulers.
The modest proposal suggested a fair way to change the starving children in Ireland to useful citizens and Commonwealth members.
Thomas Hobbes argues for a monarchy form of government.
Adam Smith
References
Cunningham, Dale S. "Copernicus' System". Science News 100.6 (1971): 88. web
Locke, Simeon. Consciousness, And The Science Of Being Human. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2008. Print.
Jones, Nicola. "Science In Three Dimensions: The Print Revolution." Nature 487.7405 (2012): 22-23. Web.
Cruickshanks, Eveline. The Glorious Revolution. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000. Print.
