Introduction
Genetics is the study of genes and variation in living organisms. Genetics characteristic generally considered the field of biology but it is clear that it does happens frequently with many of the life sciences, strongly discussed, and linked in the study of information systems. The genes structure and function variation and distributions extended in the study of the cell, the organism and within the context of a population. Nature versus nurture is the process of genetics work with the combination process with an organism’s environment, and experiences to influence development and behavior.
The extra-cellular environment includes on switching gene transcription on and off. For example, a two seeds of genetically identical corn.
One place in a temperature climate and the other placed in an arid climate. While the average height of two corn stalks may be genetically determined to be equal, the seed on the arid climate only grows half height compared to the seed on the temperature climate due to lack of water and nutrients in its environment.
According to the research made by the scientists, it is clear that the effect of dieting and exercising determined by genetics. The research made is that excess calorie intake and fatty acids with detrimental health outcomes, such as the metabolic syndrome. The principal component analysis showed that diet restriction correlated the least with the other diets does affect more genes. The Gene set enrichment analysis identified that gene sets involves in glutathione metabolism, immune response and oxidative phosphorylation as being highly responsive to changes in diet composition.
Genetic and mental disorder
Another factor that affects the genetics is the mental disorder. The biological psychiatry explains that genes associated with manic depression can cause complications to an individual. The psychiatric diagnosis relies on the doctors’ human judgment and evaluation of a patient’s behavior and appearance to a greater degree than diagnosis in other fields of medicine. The diagnosis made to research on the factors that leads to mental disorders.
The mental disorders involve more than one gene. The researcher explains that different genes on the chromosomes in different populations can cause mental disorder. The study further explains that there are two genes on different chromosomes between two populations are that caused by manic depression. Genes that are associated with the mental disorder do not have any symptoms that show the same degree of penetrance, which defined as frequency with a gene produces its effects in a specific group of people. The study shows that there are small percentages that are in a risk to developing the gene disorder due to manic depression.
Genetic factors in mental disorders interact on the welfare of the person’s family and cultural environment. A gene that is associated with susceptibility to alcohol abuse, for example, an individual may not develop the disorder of the family if the affected grows in a family that teaches effective ways to cope with stress and responsible attitude toward drinking. The two important effects of the mental disorders are that are caused by organic changes in the brain are the onset Alzheimer’s disease and the schizophrenia ( Marianne, 2000). The both disorders are polygenic which defiantly means that there expression towards an individual is determined by more than one gene.
Although psychiatrist at times regards emotional wounds in early childhood as the root of cause of anxiety and depressive disorders in later life, it is the fact that disorder inherited does affect the individual at later age of life. The genetic factors show that the influence to like hood of an individual in some point develops mood disorder and post-traumatic syndromes in adult hood. Dr. Weston A. Price's explains that some individuals are more vulnerable than others are to developing dissociative and anxiety-related symptoms of the post-traumatic syndromes following a distressing experience.
Vulnerably to trauma is affected by such inherited factors as temperament as well as by a family and the peers; this led the distinct to be in greater risk for developing post-traumatic stress disorder than the extroverted. In addition, the research continuous to explain that twin studies indicate that specific abnormalities found in the brain hormone levels are inherited from the individual family. These abnormalities in a brain of a human being increase a person’s susceptibility to developing acute stress disorder. The anxiety disorder and post-traumatic syndromes leads the individual to advent manic depression stress that causes them to involve in taking of alcohol and finally causes disorders which therefore affects the genes.
Environmental factors and genes
Genes-environment interaction occurs when the two different genotype respond to the environment variation in a different ways. The norm of reaction defined as graph that used by the scientists to show the relationship between the genes and environmental factors when phenotypic differences are continuous. The graph explains that when the norms of the reactions appear parallel therefore environment interaction detected. This therefore means that widely that each genotype responds to environmental variation in a different way.
The study of Gene-environment interactions enable the researcher understands various phenomena. The study also contributes to understanding of some diseases. The eco-friendly risk factors for a disease inherited rather than the inheritance of the disease. The individual with different genotype affected differently by exposure of the same environmental factors, and that different disease phenotypes can be affected different interaction of the gene-environment. For example some individuals are affected by sunlight exposure which has a stronger influence on skin cancer in fair-skinned than the darker skin.
The assumption of the nature versus nurture debates is that variation in a trait is primarily due to the difference in genetic and environment. However scientific opinion holds that neither genetic nor the environmental differences are actually responsible for producing phenotypic variation, and virtually all traits are influenced by both the genetic and environmental differences. Statistical analysis confirms that the gene-interactions used in contributing to the phenotype of both genetic and environmental differences.
It is clear that most of the doctors are interested in finding on whether the diseases caused by the environment factors prevented by reducing the exposure to environmental risks. Some people do carry genetic factors that confer susceptibility to a certain disorder in a particular environment. The interaction that occurs between the genetic factors and environmental stimulus it leads in the disease phenotype. There are public health that used by gene environment interactions to prevent the disease.
Epigenetics and diet
Diet is the most studied subject and researched and more easily understood, environmental factors in epigenetic change. The process that occurs is that the nutrients we extract from food enter metabolic pathways where the body. The pathway is responsible for making methyl groups important epigenetics tags that silence genes. Folic acids and Vitamin B are familiar nutrients that are popular over the counter supplement; this means that there are key components of this methyl-making pathway. The diets which are affected by these methyl making can rapidly alter gene expression, especially during early development when the epigenist is first being established.
Diet during early development during pregnancy
The mother diet in pregnancy and the diet of the infants can affect the epigenetic in way that is stick to an individual during adulthood. An individual has methyl-deficient nourishment that leads to low rate of DNA methylation. However, if methyl is re-introduced changes can be reversed. According the experiment done to prove the effects of the mother in the child is that all mammalians have agouti gene. If the agouti gene completely methylated, its appearances changes and it becomes susceptible to diabetes and cancer. On the hand, if agouti gene methylated, the appearances of the infant changes showing its low in any disease risk. Every infant has a different epigenetic mutation.
The researcher explains that when an expectant mother fed with a methyl containing food her children stays healthy for life. This is a clear indication that a child future life may be determined by the womb environment. Similarly, it does not explain that the health of an individual determined by their nutrition but also on what their parents feed on during gestation period.
The parent’s diet affects the health of a child not only the pregnant women but also their father contributes on it. Additives as well as chemicals that enter a person’s body can also affect the epigenetics. One of the chemical researched is Bisphenol.it is generally used in manufacture of polycarbonate plastics. This chemical s mostly found in many consumer products, including water bottles. When a pregnant mother fed on the Biphenyl leads to unhealthy babies. Exposure to biphenyls during early fetal growth reduces methylation of agouti gene. According to research made both parents affect the heath of a child. This means it is quite possible for dad’s diet to affect the child’s epigenetic outcome.
The records that researched highlighted that nutrition during the 9-12 years for the paternal grandfather had an effect on the grandchildren lifespan. The effects of the shortage of the food in the land, affected the grandfathers were actually led to extended grandchildren lifespan. The early death of the affected was a result of diabetes and heart disease. Therefore, during some period of the development of the grandfather, thus epigenetic mechanism did capture the nutritional information due to the environmental factors that affected the generation.
Conclusion
In conclusion, as we explore the connections between diet and epigenetics, the opportunity for clinical application comes about. There are some individual that response to a drug that can result from various gene by environment interaction. The importance of clinical of pharmacology-genetics and gene by environment interactions comes from the possibility that genomic along the information about the environment, this allows accurate predictions of an individual’s drug response. The will allow the doctors to select a certain drug and dosage to achieve therapeutic response in a patient while minimizing the side effects of adverse drug reaction. This information is an impact to the health care costs associated with adverse drug reactions and inconveniently prescribing drugs to who likely does not respond to the drugs.
References
Marianne S, W. (2000). Role of the Family in the Onset and Outcome of Childhood Disorders. America: Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
Michael, R. (2006). Genes and Behavior. UK: Blackwell Publishers.
Price, W. (1948). Nutrition and Physical Degeneration:. New York : Medical Book Department of Harper & Brothers.
Steven P. R, R. (1998). Neurogenetic Determinism and the New Euphenics. New York: Annual Review of Psycholog.
