- According to philosophers, stress is supposed to be understood as a response to particular environmental stimuli, for instance, loss of a job or exposure to excessive noise. However, according to research that was conducted by Holmes and Rehe (1967). The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) method was dissatisfied to the research since most of the events listed, they relatively rarely occur in anyone’s life. The researchers could use a scale that could reflect the greater degree of the daily variation experience of people in levels of the stress they are experiencing. Their approach measures one aspect of stress that causes ill health. This was an excellent example of determinism; instead they could include more variables. On the other hand, Richard Lazarus method was contrary to the method used by Holmes and Rehe. He used his scale called Hassles Scale, which assumes eustress and distress events of having same impact on defendants.
- Self-efficacy is the ability of a person to believe in his capability potential and eliminates harmful practices and executes behaviors that are necessary to produce individual performance achievements. Self-efficacy raises the sense of responsibility in individuals, hence becoming a principle of social psychology that protects unprotected sex. Apparent self-efficacy has been considered with respect of preventing of unsafe sexual practices in the individual as well as individuals. People with self-efficacy are capable of protecting their sexual mates as well as themselves. This will contribute in reducing and preventing the spread of sexually transmitted infections.
- Learned helplessness is disruption of one’s motivation, learning and affect resulting from exposure of no contingent outcomes. Learned helplessness is attributed when anyone experiences uncontrollable events that might cause him/her to expect future lack of control. Its symptoms involve decrease of motivation, negative emotions such as anxiety and frustration, and failure to learn. The key words in the definition of learned helplessness are cognition, behavior, and contingency that makes extrapolations about the individuals’ future. When the learned helplessness happens, individuals expect that their behavior will not affect future outcomes.
- The magnitude of the difference between men and women is small; therefore, the percentage of variance becomes low. Women have more daily stress; stressful events in women are more frequently than in men. Women score significantly higher when it comes to avoidance and emotional coping styles and the lower score in detachment and rational coping styles. In men, they score higher in rational and detachment coping styles while low score in emotional and avoidance coping styles (Matud, 2004). Additionally, the women’s coping style is more emotion-focused and less problem-centered than that of the men.
- A stressor is something that is an external event, but causes affect when it gets into the mind-body system of the human. It is through awareness that this occurs in daily lives of human. Anything causing stress to human has potential and powerful effects on mental functioning, interpersonal encounters, physical and mental performance and physical well-being. Through emotional arouse humans elicit a stress response in their bodies. When the minds classify something to be a stressor, it the produces a physiological response that connects mind-body that help emotional arouse to change and adapt the situation and response effectively (Matud, 2004). Endocrine system in the body produces slower and long lasting response which ignites physical arousal.
- Eyewitness information is frequently unreliable, and there are factors that make it bias these include memory are personal, memory systematically distorts perception, and memory is blurred. Memory becomes blurred because of several reasons, and images formed in our mind's eye are never as clear as an actual perception. Memory is also affected by the color that is a good illustration of memory’s low resolution. Additionally, memory is personal since human memories do not exist so that an eyewitness may be accurate when reporting previously seen events. Each witness may remove an interpretation that may be meaningful in terms of his experiences, beliefs and needs. Once the interpretation happens, the events themselves develop to be relatively unimportant. Memory scientifically misrepresents perception, for instance, individuals tend to remember colors in more saturated and brighter than how they actually were.
- Polygraph test measures physiological facts from three systems of an individual’s body, the cardiovascular, respiratory, and a sweat gland system, however, does not test the voice. Detecting deception is very hard, according to scientific psychology, there is little basis for the expectation that a polygraph test has high accuracy result that are reliable and valid. However, there are critiques about the test that says the test is based on detecting autonomic reactions and are well thought-out to be unreliable. Due to the nature of deception, there is no moral way to validate the polygraph test for making decisions about unlawful behavior. Therefore, there is no unique emotional reaction to the deception.
- In a trial, juror look at issues not the facts, the principle behind how individual make decisions on an individual basis helps as the groundwork for deciding how to creates a case theory that will suggests the extensive possible acceptance among hearers. The issues as opposed to facts, make jurors filter facts via their beliefs and values on how the world works as well as it is translate facts to life experience-based issues. Attribution is naturally the most significant psychological issue in jurors (Solomon, 2002). They decide who to blame during the trial, and their human behavior tells how they will conduct the case and rule it, since it controls their decision making.
- Deterrence theory state that people are motivated by some deep ethical sense to commit crimes not that they fear being caught. When the punishments are severe, certain, and swift people tend to take care and prevent them from doing crimes and obey the law. Scientific data suggest deterrence value of severe punishment such as the death penalty fails to discourage crimes. According to the scientific research, the death penalty discourages the killings of authority figures. Therefore, the country that uses the capital punishment the least safe are the police, who mostly are often in danger.
- People obey the law because the law is above them; it does not spare anyone besides the color, tribe, height or class. If anyone cannot get away with a crime, there is no reason for committing it. However, the vast majority of the people obey the law since they fear penalties while others believe in the legitimacy of the authority figure. Individuals mostly want to do the right thing, and people see it as part their duty to do the right thing. People obey the law since they are angry at authority figures. Authority figures and people do not have a good relationship, and they feel mad when get dragged by the police officers.
References
Matud, M. P. (2004). Gender differences in stress and coping styles Personality and Individual Differences, 37(7), 1401-1415,. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.01.010
Solomon, S. (2002). How Jurors Make Decisions:A Practical and Systematic Approach to Understanding Jury Behavior (11563). Retrieved from Lynbrook, NY website: http://http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCQQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doar.com%2Fapps%2Fuploads%2Fliterature62_HowJurorsMakeDecisions.pdf&ei=u7h3VKm0H-v5ywP-gYGIDg&usg=AFQjCNFIVSglKzwlH2z2JzMHkCdDn-rebg&bvm=bv.80642063,d.bGQ
