The High Renaissance is the classical period of the artistic Renaissance culture. At this time, the center of Italian art moved from Florence to Rome. There are numerous monumental buildings, sculptures, frescoes and paintings created in this period. Antiquity now being studied more thoroughly and is reproduced more strictly and consistently. Artists with greater ingenuity and imagination are reassessing and transforming all that is considered appropriate to borrow in from the Greco-Roman art.
This period is associated primarily with the names of three brilliant artists of the Renaissance: Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti, as well as with the work of the architect Bramante, painters Giorgione and Titian (Visual-arts-cork.com). Humanistic culture in the spotlight put the man himself, not something divine, mysterious as it was in medieval ideology. In humanistic philosophy, asceticism does not have the place.
In contrast to pessimistic motives that prevailed in the worldview of medieval scholastics and mystics in outlook and mood of people in the Renaissance dominated optimistic motifs; for them was typical faith in man, in the bright future of mankind in the triumph of the human mind and education.
Renaissance culture is inseparable from his humanity. The release of culture from the tutelage of the Church; protection of freedom of thought; the destruction of the partitions between the layers and the emancipation of the human person - are the main principles of humanism of the Renaissance (Wilde). The essence of the Renaissance humanism is the protection of personality and boundless faith in the individual.
• The transition from handicraft to manufacture;
• The great geographical discoveries and the beginning of world trade;
• the creation of modern nation-states;
• typography;
• The "discovery" of antiquity and the flourishing of freethinking;
• the loss of the monopoly of the Church on the spiritual life and the emergence of Protestantism;
• the victory of the revolution of the Netherlands under religious slogans Calvinism;
• the beginning of natural science, art, and literature of the new time(Visual-arts-cork.com).
The direction of the Baroque combines the stylistic features of the Middle Ages and Renaissance art. This is due to a combination of its main features:
• once again affirms complicated bizarre form of products, as it was in ornamentalism;
• returns to the medieval look to God as the summit of perfection, the basis of life, at the same time retained the attention of the man who is now treated not as opposed to God, but as the perfect God's creation;
• instead of the secular orientation of the Renaissance reaffirms the secular religion;
• the antique ideal of beauty was saved, but an attempt was made to connect it with the Christian ideals. It is a combination of spiritual and physical beauty, internal and external;
• as well as the Renaissance, Baroque keeps attention to nature (in science and the arts), but now nature is treated not as a counterweight to God, but as a way of perfection of knowledge and grace of the Creator.
The Baroque has its original features:
• dynamism, mobility; sculpture and architecture have a predominance of wavy lines with swirls, in contrast to the simple lines and an acute angle or semi-circle of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance;
• In the literature it is a picture of motion, traveling, changes, the tragic tension, catastrophes, bold gambles;
• An artist is using hyperbole, grotesque, antitheses.
• In the Baroque era, easy form of the product is replaced by the ingenuity, artificiality, grandiloquence. Now art is often perceived as a fun, mind game.
• an interest in allegory is developing.
• The importance of the appearance of works is high. Poems are written in the form of a cross, chary, anvil, column, rhombus (Visual-arts-cork.com).
Ideas of the monumental art of the Renaissance, which merged the ancient tradition and the spirit of Christianity, found most vivid expression in the work of Raphael. In his art, he found a solution to two major problems: the plastic perfection of the human body expresses the inner harmony of comprehensively developed personality and complex composition describes the world's diversity.
He is considered as an artist why closely connected with the ancient traditions of Western art a new era. He was looking for the perfect harmonious way. Throughout his life, he seeks this image in Madonna. The top of his mastery is "Sistine Madonna". His Madonna connects the ancient ideal of beauty with the spirituality of the Christian ideal, which is the typical worldview of the High Renaissance.
Prominent representatives of the Baroque painting were Italian Michelangelo Caravaggio (1573-1610) and Dutchman Peter Powell Rubens (1577-1640). At the beginning of the century, they both worked in Rome. Caravaggio had a good art education. Around 1590, he went to Rome - Cultural Center of Italy. It gathered artists, architects, sculptors. Gradually Caravaggio tends to monumental works. In the late 90's pp. he painted such monumental works as "The Sacrifice of Isaac", "Penitent Mary Magdalene", "The Rest on the Flight into Egypt". The main demand of Caravaggio was an appeal to reality: the common man, characters such gamblers, cheaters, fortune tellers and more. In a series of paintings devoted to the Acts of the Apostles, Caravaggio depicts them naive, folk types, wrinkled and clumsy. He loved everything real, unvarnished, physical, strong. His characters are vitally significant: Saints often similar to artisans and farmers. Caravaggio is the first in European art who began painting panel still lifes (Everything.explained.at). In recent years, the artist painted "Madonna of the Pilgrims" - before Madonna kneeling barefoot standing, poor old people with sticks, and she sympathetically inclined to them.
The Renaissance art was superseded by the new style. Start of the Baroque period was laid during the High Renaissance. In Rome, the Renaissance period has not passed in a late stage. Its supreme blossoming gave the birth to a new style. The Baroque differs from the Renaissance. This style was based on the fact that denied all the elements of antiquity and Gothic.
Works Cited
Visual-arts-cork.com,. 'Renaissance Art: History, Characteristics'. N.p., 2015. Web. 18 July 2015.
Wilde, Robert. 'Renaissance Humanism'. About.com Education. N.p., 2015. Web. 18 July 2015.
Visual-arts-cork.com,. 'Baroque Architecture: Definition, History, Characteristics'. N.p., 2015. Web. 18 July 2015.
Everything.explained.at,. 'Still Life Explained'. N.p., 2015. Web. 18 July 2015.
