Annotated Bibliography
Dunning, E., Murphy, P., & Williams, J. (1988). The roots of football hooliganism: An historical and sociological study. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul 2-345 Retrieved from http://www.worldcat.org/title/roots-of-football-hooliganism-an-historical-and-sociological-study/oclc/18412025
This book specifically uses a solid background to show the origin of Hooliganism in football. The book through its well structured chapters denotes how football was used by ancient people to carry out manslaughter and eliminate those who were weak and unfit to live in the society. Through it development, it denotes the numerous stages the world has undergone to achieve the current rules and standards governing the game.
Knapp, B. A. (2011). Becoming a football player: Identity formation on a women's tackle football team. Women in Sport & Physical Activity Journal, 20(2), 35-50. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1020409123?accountid=1611
Knap in his journal article denotes the origin of football and women involvement. He categorically spells out that this cultural event has been stereotyped in several countries as a rough game of men. He denotes that the improvement of the game to the national level has been majorly due to its general denominator factor of national unity. In his view, the game may extensively be used to provide gender equality among nations. Thus, he qualifies to define the value of football construction among the women.
Taylor, M. (2007). The association game: A history of British football. Harlow [u.a.: Pearson Longman. 2-345 Retrieved from http://www.worldcat.org/title/association-game-a-history-of-british-football/oclc/255874397
This well elaborated textbook aims to describe the establishment of the ancient clubs in Britain. This work mainly targets to provide the journalist, students, enthusiasts and scholars with authoritative and comprehensive information regarding the origin of football. The well organized chapters aim to explain the key issues such as major competitions, institutions and incidences that accompanied the football in Britain. It marks relevant issues pertaining to the current professionalism observed in football.
The History of Football
The history of one of the globe’s favorite game football spans to mid 19th century. In England, the game began about 1863. The game whose roots came from rugby was played in the form of rugby football and association football. Both methods of practicing these games stemmed from a common root and followed similar ancestral methods of play. Documentary records along the centuries reveal that the game was played only at armature level across villages, across field, and through streets without prompt rules and regulations. This primitive form of the game was violent, disorganized, spontaneous, and often played by an indefinite number of players. Scholars have revealed that the game was also practiced as assign of pagan form of worship among the ancient Greek inhabitants as the ball was regarded as a sun that could secure a bountiful harvest in the lands (Dunning et al, 1988).
As the world develops, it was noticed right on the need of controlling the ball using relatively better skills rather than just kicking to withstand the opponents. This part portrayed that the game lacked proper competitive elements as no skills and passions involved. As documented by the Greek Episkyros the game was later organized inform of two teams playing in a marked rectangular field. The objective was to archive the power of each team managing the ball within the boundaries. Until this period, the game was viewed negatively across the globe due to the high number of casualties and violation of peace thus led to its ban in some cities like Manchester. At this level, the game was played for approximately 700-800 years until it was adopted in Britain for further developments (Taylor, 2007).
The evidence of peak of early football took place in Britain. The armature game flourished in Britain to result into the current variety of local and regional football versions. The authorities intervened on their contention of the violent game in order for improvement and protection of the citizens. The likes of King Edward III, Henry IV and Henry V constituted the game to result into legislative measures. Despite several stern measures, the passion and influence of the game continued to intensify particularly during Queen Elizabeth reign. In Italian cities such as Venice and Florence, the game improved to a better brand and was termed as Calcio. The game was more organized and was played with a definite number and dressed players as compared to the armature version. In England, the authorities continued with the improvement by carrying out mass education on the importance of the game to human health and strength (Dunning et al, 1988).
At the beginning of 19th century, a greater revolution occurred in the game. The period marked the turning point of the game as more innovations and refinements were made on the football rules. Across the globe, many famous public schools adopted the game as part of their custom. The rules of the game continued to operate at relatively lower levels as there were no standard forms. In many circumstances, schools set their own rules of playing. Dribbling was regarded as a favorite skill rather than the scrum in most of the schools. As the 19th century elapses, a new altitude of practicing the game emerged. The education authorities critically denoted the benefits of the game as it improved vital domains of the learners such as loyalty, cooperation, and team spirit (Knapp, 2011).
Finally, in 1863, the development of the football game attained it maximum potential. During this time, eminent efforts were made at Cambridge University to establish uniform standards and rules of playing the game that could be accepted globally. A total of 11 London clubs and various schools sent their representative to discuss, and establish fundamental rules that can be accepted by all the parties. The dispute regarding tripping, shin kicking, and carrying of the ball were discussed thoroughly thus separating the rugby from football. This elaborate and fruitful discussion leads to the formation of Football association. Around 1972, eight years later the first World football competition was staged and by 1888, the first FA league was underway. The spread of the standard methods of playing the game started slowly to spread to other parts of the globe but soon gained momentum and rapidly occupied other parts of the world. Research records denote that, through British influence, countries such as Denmark, Argentina, and New Zealand a doped the game (Taylor, 2007).
The international football association tremendously grew and by 1912, the association had many affiliates such as the Federation the International Football Association (FIFA). Mid 1930s marked the onset of the development of the modern laws. The FIFA president Stanly Rous constituted the new laws from the former draft of 1886 in a rational order that could be understood worldwide. By the year 1950s, the game had gained popularity to accommodate a total of 73 FIFA members. In the year 1997, the FIFA rules were revised to meet the international standards (Knapp, 2011). As observed, in the next century, football popularity will continue to attract many numbers of enthusiastic devotees across the globe.
References
Dunning, E., Murphy, P., & Williams, J. (1988). The roots of football hooliganism: An historical and sociological study. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul 2-345 Retrieved from http://www.worldcat.org/title/roots-of-football-hooliganism-an-historical-and-sociological-study/oclc/18412025
Knapp, B. A. (2011). Becoming a football player: Identity formation on a women's tackle football team. Women in Sport & Physical Activity Journal, 20(2), 35-50. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1020409123?accountid=1611
Taylor, M. (2007). The association game: A history of British football. Harlow [u.a.: Pearson Longman. 2-945 Retrieved from http://www.worldcat.org/title/association-game-a-history-of-british-football/oclc/255874397
