It is public that malaria was a key factor in changing history of America. We will try to focus on this topic, having in mind Wikipedia sources and book called ``1493: Uncovering the World Columbus Created``, by Charles C. Mann.
Mann dedicates attention to the fact that malaria played big role in re-shaping the America`s history as the instant result of European arrival. Nevertheless, in 1493, he shots to malaria, and presents several surprising instances of how malaria have predisposed key happenings in the history of the America, with consequent knock-on special effects on Europe as well. Mann is very open about the doubt in his theories – not only there were numerous side factors obviously involved, but malaria never appeared alone, and was usually escorted by other presented illnesses, like yellow fever. However, even with these repudiations, Mann’s writings are thought frustrating and revealing.
French surgeon Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran got in 1907th Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology, thanks to his discovery of the causative agent of malaria. In 1902, the same was awarded a British physician Sir Ronald Ross for his description of the life cycle of plasmodia.
The famous biologist Robert Koch discovered that malaria can be successfully prevented by draining wetlands, natural habitats fly gear malaria, and thus successfully treating malaria in Briuni archipelago, after which the same method German physicians continued beating malaria in Istria.
For instance, he labels how malaria contributed to the founding of the very fruitful and unarguably cruel slave farmsteads of the American South. In its early years, the colony of Carolina was a remaining exporter of slaves, as taken Indians were sent away in settlements as compulsory labor. Indentured domestics, who were paid for set periods, delivered other work in the meadows.
Mosquitoes that were adept of spreading malaria were previously existing in the America once Europeans and Africans reached, carrying different forms of malaria.
This all changed as European and African diseases intermixed and converted to recognized in the New World; new agrarian performs, as well introduced by the Europeans, shaped habitats favorable for a native parasite classes which was able to convey both, Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Mann points the outline of the previous to Europeans, as P. vivax tolerates low temperatures and was widespread through southern England.; P. falciparum was probably transported by African slaves.
Meanwhile, according to Mann, no humanoid malaria was existing in the America earlier to Columbus’ coming, native Indian people were extremely disposed to these illnesses, and either one deceased or was disabled and powerless to work while infested. Correspondingly, while certain of the constricted domestics transported from Europe may have been unprotected to P. vivax in their regions, and therefore had some amount of developed protection, they passed away more quickly than the extremely pathogenic P. falciparum species.
Africans, contrariwise, were exposed to P. falciparum as youngsters in Africa and if they lived, they were given a level of protection. Furthermore, a high amount of people from West and Central Africa own even one group of inherited mutations, the best known of which is the Duffy negative phenotype, which makes the transporter entirely resilient to P. vivax malaria.
In malarial and swampy region, in the south of the current American South, farm owners were quickly abandoned the idea of paying workers. As a solution, they found the idea of a group of people resistant to diseases cause people not resistant to disease. Therefore, to create a huge overseas slave trade, bringing resistant Africans to live, work and die at the plantations in the South. It is clear that this created a slave-holding society that has existed for over three and a half centuries.
Mann describes how malaria was largely responsible for the formation of the United Kingdom in the 18th century. According to him, at the end of the 1600s, Scotland did not want to miss their part in the colonization and established a trading center in Panama. He explains how malaria was brought to America from Europe and Africa after Columbus. The first Scottish colony has failed, because the malaria ravaged by not submitting to trade with the local tribes. Although England had centuries of cooperation with Scotland, Scotland has always refused any alliance, avoiding the domination of England. England has offered to repay funds lost to all who invested in Panama, asking in return unification.
Although these are attractively written and charming stories of vivid changes taking place during the first few centuries after Columbus, predominantly the impression that African slaves were transported in to swap Indian workforces relies deeply on the credence that Plasmodium vivax was announced to the Americas by Europeans in the late 16th, but this must not be true story.
On Wikipedia, global encyclopedia, we can read about malaria`s history. Today's analysis of the origin of malaria depends on the genetic structure, the comparison between the DNA sequences of different species of malaria, which concludes that the parasite changed over time. In addition, roads and malaria are detected by means of the human population. It is known that Duffy negative mutation group, provides almost complete protection against P.vivax . It is also known that in the central and western African populations, rates of representation of this parasite are up to 99 %. This been deduced from the assumption that this parasite evaluated with people, which is fully encouraged by the fact that malaria originated in Africa.
Yet, in recent times, this idea has been disproved by observing genetic patterns present inside diverse strains of the Plasmodium vivax parasite, and linking it to other types of malaria through the world. They founded that genetically, P. vivax is essentially closely connected to a group of malaria species that contaminate macaque monkeys in Southeast Asia. An approximation of the age of dissimilar strains of P. vivax also places the earliest families in Asia. Although this opinion has advanced harmony in the writings, the methodical bench is trying to clarify the high rate of Duffy negative residents in Africa.
They are using fact that South American monkey are infected by malaria that is closely related to the malaria that can infect humans. This type of monkey came into America earlier than Europeans did, in 15th century. They are also trying to find out when was the first reach of malaria into America. Discovering the P. simium malaria, the one than infects monkeys and the one closely related to P vivax, they discovered origins of P. Vivax. It is believed that P. Vivax entered the America several centuries ago, via Melanesia and the Pacific Ocean.
It achieved somehow to change and to be problematic for the monkeys, creating current variations of P. simium over time. Equally, native Indian inhabitants have met P. vivax earlier then Europeans came. Still, it is also familiar from examination of modern P. vivax strains that are present in the America that they are mainly of European origins. It might be that native inhabitants establish methods to defeat P. vivax, possibly by adjusting its mosquito vector, accordingly sinking the parasite’s influence. After Europeans reached, native Indians could not fight new P. vivax and its strains that they have never met.
All of this crashed Mann`s writings, pointing it out as a parade. It is quite established Europeans are guilty of malaria, especially in the early years of colonization and in the southeastern part of the United States, where Mann argues that malaria had a large share in the trade of African slaves. Especially considering that P. falcifarum, the most deadly type of malaria, clearly expressed as worn by African slaves, is actually the most led to even greater depending on slavery. This is another example where the scientific assumptions conflict with the claims of Mann. We are coming to the question of whether Mann defends the European colonization, and in all possible ways, he wants to show that malaria came with African slaves. However, bearing in mind also that is still unknown exactly where it came from and where it occurred, is up to us to compare opinions. We are living in urban world, we should be mindful of the dangers of transferring viruses among societies. Nevertheless, as the ideas regarding the origin of malaria in the America, are spreading, parasites organisms are still being transferring to new places, as if we learned nothing from the history. Truthfully, Mann argues very effectively that while we are getting fruits from the globalization, we have to look few centuries back, and be happy that subjugation of the America shaped the global trade system bridging the Oceans, and hence spread the spores of our own modern era.
The history of humankind throughout its course was filled with the disease, often in large scale and very deadly. See a list of the top 10 global epidemic in history of planet. Malaria mosquito, whatever it turns out, is the most dangerous animal to humans, because it is so far killed huge numbers of people.
Although malaria was eradicated in much of the developed world, the disease continues to kill people in Africa, and in particular risk are pregnant women and children under five.
The World Health Organization estimates that every day 2,800 children die from malaria.
Plasmodium falciparum is the species that is geographically spread in tropical and subtropical areas , which is around the equator. Infection by this parasite may endanger the life of the patient during the few days of the entry of the parasite into the body, and the parasite is a resistance to most available drugs, so the treatment must be combined. Plasmodium vivax , P. malariae and P. ovale remaining species, which are not as dangerous to man . There are examples of successful recovery after a month, even without treatment-recognized medication. They are found in all tropical regions of the world, except Plasmodium oval, which is found only in West Africa. Plasmodium vivax and P. malariae I may dwell in the human liver, which can cause additional complications and require additional medical treatment.A carrier of this parasite and the disease is a tropical species of the genus Anopheles mosquitoes, which bite brings it in person. Since mosquito larvae until the release of the shell are under water, mainly in swampy areas malaria is most prevalent in swampy areas.
Transmission of very small parasites is only available through Anopheles, as a part of the life cycle takes place within the mosquito, and so are most often in the salivary glands of the mosquito, the parasite is transmitted by biting directly into the blood, specifically in the red blood cells. Their way is usually to the liver where it generates a large number of parasites that occupy more and more red blood cells, which destroy its reproduction in large numbers. These are only facts.
Bibliography
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. "Malaria." Accessed November 6, 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria#Society_and_culture.
Mann, Charles C. 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created. New York: Knopf, 2011.
