Introduction
Currently, psychologists, doctors, teachers face in their practice with a lot of psychological problems are difficult or impossible to characterize the clinical terms and cannot be solved within the framework of traditional psychiatry. This is daily life problems related to difficulties of adaptation and personality disharmony interpersonal relationships, deviance (addiction, alcoholism, family disintegration, AIDS and others.), age crises. A wide range of issues and is the subject of a new professional field - psychological counseling, which separated from clinical psychology and psychotherapy.
The range of problems is quite broad: difficulties at work (dissatisfaction with work, conflicts with colleagues and supervisors, the possibility of release), disorder of privacy and disorder in the family, poor school performance, insecurity and lack of self-esteem, painful fluctuations in the decision-making difficulties tying and maintaining interpersonal relationships, etc. On the other hand, psychological counseling as a young branch of psychological practice, does not have a strictly defined limits of his field of vision is a variety of problems.
Some uncertainty the subject of counseling is reflected in the variety of definitions. Thus, the license fee Association officials and managers of US issuing permits for private practice, offers the following definition: Consulting - a set of procedures to assist people in solving problems and making decisions on a professional career, marriage, family, individual improvement and interpersonal relations. Consulting is a professionally qualified consultant to the client, which is usually defined as a "person-individuality". The goal of counseling is to help clients understand what is happening in their living space and intelligently achieve this goal on the basis of informed choice in addressing the emotional and interpersonal character.
Description of the problem
Almost impossible to clearly separate counseling from psychotherapy. And counseling and psychotherapy more multi than a uniform field of knowledge and activity. A right to consider consulting approaches and methods of psychological therapy. And counseling and psychotherapy based on the "planned use of techniques developed on the basis of generally accepted psychological principles." And most Western scholars use the term "consultation" and "psychotherapy" as synonymous (Capuzzi & Gross, 2011). As consultants, and therapists use the same theoretical models and emphasize the need to value the customer as a person, listen to him sympathetically, take the above and encourage the desire of the client to help himself themselves and answer for their actions. In fact, throughout its activities using these terms interchangeably and are equal on the basis that they can be assigned to the same basic method, such as a series of direct contacts with individuals aimed at helping him change his mental setup and behavior. Even though that may be, and there are any reasons for such differentiation, and of course the fact that the intense and successful consultation is no different from an intensive and successful psychotherapy (Capuzzi & Gross, 2011). Consideration of a consultation process psychotherapy stems from the history of the formation of psychological counseling.
Counseling is unique in that its roots can be found across many disciplines and spiritual practices, such as philosophy, religion, education, medicine, psychiatry, social work, psychology family. The development of these disciplines and therefore consulting practice was uneven. Organically counseling was part of the development of life and spread philosophical and religious teachings (Capuzzi & Gross, 2013). In practice it can be found in any social, spiritual practice, where it is present as a necessary element of existence and development of this practice.
Insights and related theories
In Paleolithic times first specialist mental health ministers were tribal pagan cults. Despite the radicalism of this method nevertheless it formed the basis of consulting work. The main means of attending was the fact that the priests for their compatriots were actually carriers of the truths that were firm and steadfast. These truths were able to explain the device world and place him as the man himself. On the other fellow was making these necessary truths as fact. The presence of ideological philosophy regulating domestic life, made it more stable. But with the development of human society and the more traditional and religious rituals were settled, the less they can enlighten and to support person to fulfill this function is only free, not formalized and not canonized practice. The first real consultants include people trying to influence others through their moral teachings. Among them is attributed primarily founders of world religions such as Moses (1200rokiv BC), Mohammed (570-362 BC.), Buddha (500 BC), and also great philosophers of antiquity: Lao-Tzu (600rokiv BC), Socrates (450 BC), Plato (400 BC), Aristotle (350 BC) and others. Their "advisory activity" was based on the human need for spiritual and cognitive explanation of the world, respectively - the human need for spiritual, educational support (Cornish, Wade, Tucker, & Post, 2014). This need is primarily psychological descriptions could meet mythological, religious teachings and philosophical doctrines explanation, and then and research.
As for people who want to get spiritual truth and inner enlightenment, most of these philosophers were as real "consultant": they affect the students with their unusual ideas, not only to meet with cognitive thirsty students solving their spiritual and cognitive problems, but required 'necessarily stimulated at the same time and their emotional, intellectual, psychological growth, opening for a person new spiritual life, cognitive, psychological spaces and horizons. This practice through its methods may not always be called psychological, psychotherapeutic, but it is undoubtedly a psychological , psychological in nature, and results orientation (Cornish, Wade, Tucker, & Post, 2014).
Enlightenment, of the human sense of clarity of the movement in life is a profound purpose of counseling. The psychological effect of enlightenment makes huge, with nothing comparable second impact on all human life. Since the late nineteenth century, under the influence of cultural and historical development defined socio-cultural changes in psychological support formed are valid, real social need (Capuzzi & Stauffer, 2016). And from this time psychological support begins to form not as an element aspect that is the content of the moral and philosophical, moral and spiritual practices as well as self-concept. Then already beginning to emerge under this social need professional social practice is a practice of counseling and psychotherapy, for which the main purpose is to provide individual psychological care as such.
The professional practice of counseling and psychotherapy, framed as a practical and scientific method begins to take shape within psychoanalysis, analytical and individual psychology. Here is the first affected by the procedural aspects of consultation, which were built on the foundations of interpersonal communication (Capuzzi & Stauffer, 2016). Their development of this aspect of the result and allowed the practice of individual psychological support will continue to become an independent profession.
The distribution of these two areas of psychological help is a difficult task because a large number of cases of professionals is difficult were engaged in psychological counseling or psychotherapy. As in counseling and psychotherapy uses the same skills; requirements for the individual client and the therapist, the same; procedures used in counselling and psychotherapy, too similar. Finally, in the first and second cases help the client based on her interactions between consultant (therapist) and the client. Because of the difficulty of separation of the two branches of some practices use the term "counseling" and "therapy" as synonyms, arguing their point of view of the similarity of the therapist and consultant psychologist (Capuzzi & Stauffer, 2016).
But as in most of the data exist as separate professions, it is important to find grounds on which they can be at least partially separated., referring to the ratio of counseling and psychotherapy, represent the two poles of a continuum. At one extreme professional work affects mainly situational problems are solved at the level of consciousness and occur in clinically healthy individuals. Here is consulting industry. At the other extreme - more than the desire for deeper analysis issues with a focus on unconscious processes, restructuring personality. Here is the field of psychotherapy (Hohenshil, Amundson, & Niles, 2013). The areas between the poles of belonging, which can be called as counseling and psychotherapy.
Action Plan
The scientists isolated the specific features of psychological counseling that distinguish it from psychotherapy (Walsh, 2012):
Counseling focused on clinically healthy personality; these are people that are in everyday life psychological difficulties and problems, complaints of neurotic character, and people feel good, but set themselves the goal of further personal development;
oriented advice on healthy individual parties regardless of the degree of violation; This is based on the belief that people can change, to choose life, that it will meet and find ways to use their instincts, even if they are small due to inadequate installation and feeling slow maturation, cultural deprivation, lack of finances, illness, disability, elderly:
Counseling often focuses on the present and future clients;
Counseling generally focuses on short-term care (15 meetings);
Counseling focuses on the problems that arise in the interaction of personality and environment;
in advising consultant emphasizes the values involved, but rejected the imposition of value to customers;
counseling aimed at changing the behavior and development of the individual client.
There are many such definitions, and they all include some basic provisions:
Counseling helps people to choose and act on their own.
Counseling helps learn new behavior
Consulting promotes the development of personality.
In consultation emphasizes the responsibility of the client is recognized that an independent, responsible individual is able to appropriate, make decisions, and the consultant creates conditions that encourage volitional behavior of the client (Walsh, 2012).
The core advice is "consultative interaction" between client and consultant, based on the philosophy of "client-centered" therapy with three basic principles of this trend:
each person has an absolute value and as such worthy of respect;
each person is able to be responsible for themselves;
every person has the right to choose the values and objectives to make independent decisions (Walsh, 2012).
Thus, the definition of psychological counseling rod cover installation consultant in respect of rights in general and particular client. The consultant takes customer as unique, independent individual, which is recognized and respected the right of free choice, self-determination, the right to live their own lives. Especially important to recognize that any suggestion or pressure prevents the client to take responsibility and properly solve their problems. With a consultant working with child consultant should seek changes in their immediate environment to improve aid effectiveness (Capuzzi & Gross, 2013). Despite some common goals of psychological counseling, basic psychological schools still differ considerably in their understanding.
An important technology consulting is an approach used for two purposes: to obtain information about the customer and encouraging him to introspection. Important methods of approval and reassurance to create and strengthen the advisory contract. The ability to silence and quietness use for therapeutic purposes - one of the most important skills counseling. Although sometimes silence in the consultation would be in breach of contract advisory, but it is deeply meaningful. For the consultant learned to be sensitive to the different meanings of silence and pauses use in counseling, silence is particularly valuable.
The need to study the characteristics of psychological counseling in various fields related to the fact that, first, intimate, personal, family, business and psychological-pedagogical counseling - are different things, and secondly, a psychologist and consultant not equally involved in data types of counseling and referring to them from time to time should keep their professional qualifications in all these sectors (Capuzzi & Gross, 2013). Moreover, in these areas there are many psychological counseling partial, very thin and difficult specific issues, knowledge of which requires a long time and successful practical solution - solid skills.
Working as a Psychologist consultant under the guidance of a more experienced professional needed consulting psychologist for the acquisition of professional experience and mastery of the skills necessary to practice and skills. All this is much easier to learn from the experience other than as a result of listening to lectures and reading books. Moreover, in practice clinical psychologist is often a lot of unexpected issues that can not foresee in the course of training they receive satisfactory answers (Walsh, 2012). The ability to virtually produce during professional imitation of others, it is possible to minimize the mistakes that their work can prevent novice psychologist and consultant. Function supervisor, performing most experienced psychologist and consultant in this case lies in the fact that not only prepare inexperienced psychologists to work independently, but also qualified to assess the degree of its readiness for such work.
Conclusion
Psychological counseling is aimed at solving all kinds of psychological problems, primarily situational and interpersonal problems. In the difficult and critical moments of life, a psychological consultant can help overcome stress, life crisis, loss of a loved one, and better understand the life situation and make the right decision.
Psychological counseling may also help in understanding and restructuring of relationships with other people. The main objective clinical psychologist in this situation is to help look at the relationship with other people from the outside, they discuss their parties as a source of difficulties, of course not understood or controlled. The basis of this work consists in research and changing attitudes about other people and forms of interaction with them. During the consultative conversation is possible broader look at the situation differently assess their role in it, and under this new vision, to change their attitude to what is happening and the actual treatment.
References
Capuzzi, D. & Gross, D. (2011). Counseling and psychotherapy.
Capuzzi, D. & Gross, D. (2013). Introduction to the counseling profession. NY: Routledge.
Capuzzi, D. & Stauffer, M. (2016). Human growth and development across the lifespan. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Cornish, M., Wade, N., Tucker, J., & Post, B. (2014). When Religion Enters the Counseling Group: Multiculturalism, Group Processes, and Social Justice. The Counseling Psychologist, 42(5). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nathaniel_Wade/publication/262723703_When_religion_enters_the_counseling_group_Multiculturalism_group_processes_and_social_justice/links/00b7d5388a8a60aa5a000000.pdf
Hohenshil, T., Amundson, N., & Niles, S. (2013). Counseling around the World. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
Walsh, W. (2012). Counseling psychology and optimal human functioning. NY: Routledge.
