– Bill of Rights is a kind of an informal document, which has a direct bearing on the Constitution. If one defines it more precisely, it can be said that it is the so-called first ten amendments to the US Constitution itself, which had been proposed by James Madison, which were related to the rights and freedoms of people.
– John Adams became the first Vice President. After George Washington was declared the US president, Adams was appointed as Vice President and was re-elected to the same position for the second time in 1792 (Perman 18). He did a very hard way to this political position, but still it did not satisfy him.
– In 1790, the temporary capital, or more precisely the capital city, was erected "along the banks of the Potomac River" and stayed there until 1800, when all members of the US government moved to Washington, D.C. (Tichenor and Harris 175). Presidential Mansion is located on Pennsylvania Avenue, which is also called "America's Main Street," is of great importance as a strategic, practical, and symbolic object (Tichenor and Harris 175). James Hoban became the main architect of the presidential residence. George Washington is the only president who had not lived a single day in D.C. (Reynolds 42).
– Federalists are often referred to those who catered to the British authorities, and they were in favor of a single, centralized power, often ignoring the norms of the Constitution. Democrat-Republicans were in favor of the less centralization of power, considering the Constitution as "the only true US law" (Perman 19). They are often referred to those who catered to the French authorities. They advocated the idea of ownership and many other political and social views.
– The elections in 1796 were generally quite strange, as it was the first election in which people were able to vote for the opposing party (Tichenor and Harris 74). Adams was a federalist, that while Jefferson was a Republican. Both sides accused each other of the various political sins, and eventually Adams became the president and Jefferson became the Vice President.
– The most important invention of Eli Whitney was the cotton gin, which she patented in 1794 (Reynolds 84). This invention has had an important impact on the cotton production and the entire industry as a whole.
– The Alien and Sedition Acts were very important documents, which were adopted by Congress in view of the growing conflict between the US and France in 1798 (Tichenor and Harris 296). These acts have been developed by the Federalists in order to reduce the influence and power of the Republicans. As for nullification, it is necessary to say that it is a legal theory that the state supported the idea of zeroing of any federal law (Perman 56). Jefferson advocated the adoption of such an act, but the specific results were not achieved, while Calhoun associated nullification with the abolition of slavery (Perman 56).
– Presidential elections of 1800 could be called one of the most confusing and strange. Both sides acted with gross accusations towards each other, which contributed to the formation of large-scale conflict. Federalists accused Jefferson of anti-Christian activities, and Republicans, in turn, denounced the centralization of Federalists' power (Perman 16). Nevertheless, this political conflict was resolved peacefully, and Jefferson announced about the unity of the American nation in his speech.
– The duel between Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr ended with Hamilton's death. Aaron Burr shot him and he died the next day from the wounds. The conflict between them has a personal character, and it is not known who started it (Reynolds 77).
– The reason for the War of 1812 was tense relation between the US and the British government, which tried to restrict the trade of the American fleet and did not allow the US to expand its sales territory. During this war, the chief Tecumseh, the Indian leader, spoke out against American settlers (Reynolds 84).
– In the 1812 war, Washington was burned in 1814 during the battle between the British and American troops (Perman 30). After witnessing the destruction of Fort McHenry by the British fleet, Francis Scott Key decided to create a great work and created the National Anthem of the United States (Reynolds 75).
– Many believe that the "War Hawks", who were the ardent opponents of the British, caused the War of 1812 (Reynolds 91).
– During the War of 1812, James Madison was the President of the USA.
– The only American President to win re-election unopposed was James Monroe in 1820.
– Missouri Crisis of 1820 is the law which regulated slavery.
– Andrew Jackson was the seventh president of the United States. In the presidential elections of 1824, Jackson received the most votes, but he could not obtain an absolute majority. Therefore, it was the first and only time when the president was chosen by the House of Representatives, and it was John Quincy Adams (Reynolds 25).
– In 1832, Jackson vetoed the bill on re-registration of the Bank, which he called "a monopoly of power, privileges and benefits", criticizing the opposition pro-banking led by Webster and Clay (Reynolds 38). While Jackson was the president, the two-party system restored. Supporters of the president have united the Democratic Party, and supporters of Calhoun and Republicans Adams-Clay created the anti-government Whig.
– William Henry Harrison was the ninth president of the United States. He was in office for a short time since he died a month after taking the oath.
– The American Colonization Society is an organization founded in 1816, which was the primary means of support for the "return" of free blacks in Africa. It helped establish a colony in Liberia as a place for the former black slaves (Reynolds 159).
– Prigg v. Pennsylvania case is kfamous for the fact that during this event Edward Prigg was convicted for attempting to enslave Margaret Morgan, who moved from Maryland to Pennsylvania. The point here is to Pennsylvania law regarding slaves.
– Sectionalism is a certain kind of policy, which is characterized by the division of spheres of activity of the company in the same country (Reynolds 130). Therefore, for example, South and North share the agricultural and plantation activities with industrial one.
– The main election campaign of James K. Polk turned on the annexation of Texas, which was supported by Democrats and Whigs rejected. During their convention, Democrats called for the annexation of Texas and declared that the United States clearly and undoubtedly had the right to Oregon (Reynolds 125).
– The war was the result of the territorial disputes between Mexico and the United States after the annexation of Texas by the United States in 1845. Although Texas declared its independence from Mexico back in 1836, and Texans defended it with arms, the Mexican government consistently refused to recognize the independence of Texas, regarding it as a rebellious territory (Perman 44).
– The Wilmot Proviso was to ban the slavery on the new gained territories, which eventually led to the beginning of the civil conflict.
– The proviso divided the political parties and the whole America into two conflicting sides.
– The very doctrine of popular sovereignty implies that people are the only ruling representative of the country. This doctrine was the only way to propitiate southerners, who "hated the principle of territorial limits to slavery" (Reynolds 140).
– The Compromise of 1850 had five main components. The first component predetermined the fact that California was admitted as a free state. The second component of the Compromise divided the Mexican cession in two – New Mexico and Utah. The 3rd Component ended slave trade in Washington; however, the fugitive slave act was passed and began a dispute about borders Texas and New Mexico.
– This law formed the New Territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened them for settlement, and provided the population of newly formed territories to solve the problem of legalization or prohibition of slavery independently. Its creator was Stephen A. Douglas (Reynolds 140).
– "Bleeding Kansas" is the term used to described the period of violence during the settling of the Kansas territory.
– Preston Brooks attacked Charles Sumner and almost beat him to death with his cane. This was due to charges that came from Sumner toward the slave owners. This incident eventually became one of the main causes of the Civil War.
– Among constitutional scholars, Scott v. Sandford is widely considered the worst decision ever rendered by the Supreme Court. It has been cited in particular as the most egregious example in the court's history of wrongly imposing a judicial solution on a political problem (Reynolds 168-169).
– John Brown was a radical abolitionist, who opposed slavery and one day decided to arm slaves to create anti-slavery rebellion, for which he was hanged. His case is known for the seizure of the arsenal at Harpers Ferry in October 1859.
– Abraham Lincoln from the Republican Party and John Cabell Breckinridge from the Democrats were the main candidates for election in 1860. The results of these elections led to the beginning of the Civil War.
– Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri, Virginia, West Virginia and South Carolina were The original seven states to secede after Union after Lincoln won the presidential election.
– This secession was a "counter-revolution" not a "revolution." "White southerners considered the Lincoln administration and the Republican Party as the revolutionaries" (Reynolds 154).
– The Battle of Fort Sumter, which occurred in April 1861, became the first place where the fighting started. The largest and most important battle took place in July 1861 and it is called the "First Battle of Bull Run" (Reynolds 154).
– "Maryland, My Maryland" was the official song of Maryland, the lyrics of which was devoted to the various historical moments of the state.
– Montgomery was the original capital of the Confederate States of America until 1861, when it was moved to Richmond. Jefferson Davis was chosen by the Constitutional Convention as the only president of the CSA (Perman 101).
– The Battle of Antietam is considered the bloodiest one-day battle of the Civil War. 4,000 people were killed in action (Reynolds 160).
– Stonewall Jackson was killed during the Battle of Chancellorsville, which is considered one of the most important battles of the Civil War. He was wounded by mistake and died of pneumonia in a few days.
– The Border States were slave states that did not secede from the Union. They were considered the slave states, but they were on the boundary between the slave and non-slave position.
– "King Cotton" Diplomacy is a political term that explains CSA international policy, which hoped to gain an advantage in Europe thanks to the cotton.
– The Battle of Gettysburg is one of the most bloody and fatal battles of the Civil War, which killed and wounded more than 50 thousand soldiers (Reynolds 166).
– Lincoln defeat George B. McClellan for reelection in 1864 (Reynolds 158). "The Copperheads" is a group of people or faction that advocated for an end to the Civil War and for the peaceful resolution of the conflict.
– Lincoln was the main target of John Wilkes Booth's assassination plot. Lincoln was shot in the head (Reynolds 175).
– Most of the conspirators were imprisoned; however, a majority of them was released, while the rest of the convicted were either pardoned or executed (Reynolds 175).
– The so-called "the Civil War Amendments" (i.e. the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments) implied a parity between any citizens of the US: both the recently free slaves and the rest of Americans (Tichenor and Harris 165).
– Reconstruction is the entire period after the Civil War and the "twelve-year northern occupation of the South from 1865 to 1877" (Reynolds 177).
Works Cited
Perman, Michael. Pursuit of Unity. Chapel Hill, US: The University of North Carolina Press, 2010. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 3 August 2016.
Reynolds, David. America, Empire Of Liberty: A New History Of The United States. New York: Basic Books, 2009. Chamberlain College of Nursing eBook Collection. Web. 3 Aug. 2016.
Tichenor, Daniel J., and Richard A. Harris. A History Of The U.S. Political System: Ideas, Interests, And Institutions. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO, 2010. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 3 Aug. 2016.
