05-Oct-13
Aim and objective
Among the various ways of improving health care services is through teamwork and collaboration. Collaboration forms the key foundation in building trust and improving service delivery among the employees and management. Through collaboration, nurses, pharmacists, case managers, and social workers are able to associate better and this is advantageous to the organization. Nurses perform their noble role in a team of professional pharmacist, case manager, physician and social workers. The goal of this paper is to promote collaboration in order to improve client’s outcome. In a hospital health care system, it is essential that physician and nurse’s work together with other health care professionals to improve mutual understanding to better serve the patient’s needs. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommended “collaboration”, effective decision-making, collaboration to enhance patient safety” (Ponte et al., 2011, p. 163). Therefore, the concept of collaboration will be analyzed by its definitions, attributes, antecedents and consequences.
Definitions
According to (Kalisch & Rouchman, 2010), collaboration is described as experts and medical caretakers are working together, and settling on choices to plan and make plans for patient mind. This definition shows collaboration around doctors and attendants, which does not recognize collaboration between other medical services.
LePine and soul (2008) added that characterized collaboration is a dynamic methodology that includes two or more medical personnel with corresponding foundations and aptitudes, offering normal health objectives and practicing purposeful physical and mental action in evaluating, arranging, or assessing patient mind. The writer further stated that in health awareness, collaboration is termed as those conducts that expedite successful colleague connection, with the other medical services supplied (Fernandez, 2008). Other than this, there are a few identified thoughts behind the collaboration, which incorporates participation, communication, workload imparting, joint effort, and coordination. Then again, the results, predecessors or aspects are not comparable. Among other health care professionals, the terms may require some level of correspondence and connections.
Attributes
The attributes basically describe the concept themselves as well (McKay, 2008). In addition to this, Petri (2010) terms that attributes are characteristics that constitute the true definition of the concept. The literature demonstrates that the concept “collaboration” has three characteristics. These three terms include shared decision making, concerted effort and the attributes of collaboration. Initially, as per McCulloch (2008), “collaboration" is a dynamic procedure including two or more health experts with integral foundations and abilities, dividing regular health care objectives and practicing coordinated physical and mental action in surveying, arranging, and assessing the patient’s mind.
Second, collaboration includes associated joint efforts as well. Each member is considered and thought to be helping a critical part in accomplishing the common objective. Different Disciplines are working together to ensure quality. Colleagues are similarly motivated. They are on the same level with their efforts to meet clients' needs. The colleagues work together to meet their customers’ needs.
Ultimately, according (Petri, 2010), the collaboration includes equivalent participation of all members in order to think and share decisions for the concept. Subsequently, joined choice making is supposed to be another attribute for collaboration. This property is extremely critical because it improves the health awareness of all members in participating to achieve the expected result. The health care members have even a chance to make a change in the customer's personal satisfaction. Hence, in collaboration, pecking order does not exist.
Model Cases
According to Walker& Avant (2011), to better illustrate an idea of a concept , a model case might be introduced. In this particular case Mr. Jones who was readmitted with a fall and uncontrolled blood sugar is going to be discharged home. His discharge should be discussed with all the health care workers involved in her care to prevent injury and readmission and to manage her symptoms at home. For instance, during discharge rounding, which incorporates registered nurse, case manager, physical therapist, social worker, persists and home health coordinator, her problems should be addressed before she goes home. During the round each professional addresses the medical part of the discharge that they are connected about. The nurses present the patient’s overall status and agree with the doctor that the patient is stable to go home. The physical therapist shares patient’s performance and recommends a walker if necessary for fall prevention. Which in this case it was done? The patient was very happy that she was going to go home with a walker. The pharmacist reviews the medications and provides instructions on new medications if there are any of the patients before the discharge. This is a perfect example of collaboration where all health care members worked together; they shared the knowledge through communication and provided a quality care for Mrs. Jones.
In light of the introduced model case-study, the health care workers showed understanding of their parts, and utilized effective communication to illustrate their thoughts. Also, they share common health objectives and they are skilled and clinically master in their parts. The characteristics are additionally clear by putting forth an associated joint effort. The members work together with a specific end goal to achieve the expected result, and asked a perspective from colleagues, which show shared decision making. Which shows collaborative practice for the profit of the patient? Likewise, the outcomes of collaboration exist on this issue, as shown by the patient's fulfillment, and the best response from the parts of a group.
Contrary case is an example of not a concept. Walker & Avant, (2011), In this case health care workers don’t work together. Some parts of the collaboration are missing as a result the common goal that the health care workers are working on is no met. Contrary case example is Mrs Jone’s first Discharge from the hospital where she did not get a walker, and as a result was readmitted with a fall. The health care professionals work independently with the absence of imparted choice making and collaboration, and the patient gains incomplete care. This at last causes poor results, and this diagram is obviously not collaboration.
Antecedents
Consistent with Walker & Avant (2011), antecedents are those essential components that must be available to understand the concept. As per literature’ s review, the antecedents that were found in collaboration contains information sharing and open communication, common health goal, understanding of professional roles as well as two or more health professionals. Two or more health care workers are fundamental in improving collaboration. As per (Pilcher, 2009), lack of support from other healthcare workers creates disappointment and frustration. The importance of comprehension of individual parts is fundamental in improving collaboration adequately. It is extremely significant to comprehend with other health care workers in order for desired outcome be accomplished. In a health care system organized interactions have the capacity to improve the satisfaction simply by sharing thoughts and through open communications. These components are vital and could be applied in any organizational setting where more than one person is involved to perform a task. Since health care is so broad and when to in any organization with This capability is vital for the development of collaboration by handing-off nonverbal and verbal importance effectively around social insurance suppliers.
Consequences
Walker & Avant (2011) say that consequences events that occurs after or as a result of the concept. The results of the collaboration are discovered to be accommodating to customers, the association, and forethought suppliers. In order to have positive client’s outcomes and quality of life the healthcare providers make it sure that their clients will gain a broken-care. Rather, health care professionals will work in a group and steady way with a specific end goal to provide quality care. Which can improve customer fulfillment?
Another potential outcome of collaboration is work fulfillment of health care workers. Due to thought of feeling appreciated by the customers, sense of belonging to an organization works as a whole and provides quality of care. People experience higher job satisfaction when each member is performing his or her part in a discipline. Rather than feeling overwhelmed with when there is no collaboration. Also, cost control is an alternate outcome of collaboration. Because of successful collaboration, the health care needs of the customers will be conveyed in a sensible time, which diminishes hospitalization and expenses of health organizations, and hospitals.
Empirical Referents
According to Walker & Avant (2011), empirical referents are defined as “the means by which you can measure the defining characteristics or attributes” (p.168). Strating & Nieboer, (2009) “conducted a validation study to identify factors for successful Collaboration in hospital teams based setting by using ‘Team Climate Inventory’ (TCI). They have found that the validity test revealed the TCI's four sub-scales all proved significant predictors of perceived team effectiveness, with participatory safety being best predictors”(p. 2). They also have noted that the key attributes of Collaboration were relationship among team members, shared decision-making, and leadership (Strating& Nieboer, 2009).
Another study conducted by Kalisch et al. (2010), using the Nursing Collaboration Survey (NTS) “a cross-sectional study with a sample of 3675 nursing staff from 5 hospitals and 80 different patient care units” (Kalisch et al., 2010, p. 943). The participants completed the (NTS), a 33 item questionnaire with a likert-scale type system from always (5) to rarely (1).The study shows that Collaboration in acute care units was high because of shared decision-making, can lead to job satisfaction with a present position and occupation (Kalisch et al., 2010).
Application to Nursing Practice, Education, and Research
The concept of collaboration might be utilized as a part of practice, training, and exploration. Collaboration in nursing practice is important since it is prone to help and enhance the health care system. In the literature review according to a study by (Vaziraini, Hays 2013) Improving communication and collaboration among doctors and nurses can improve satisfaction among participants and improve patients’ satisfaction and quality of care. In addition collaboration can help in any discipline to improve and enhance the outcomes. Especially, in research and education areas collaborative interpersonal relationships are essential.
Conceptual Map
Figure 1. Given the following map it is obvious that conceptual maps indicate summary and integration of collaboration, and it is based on attributes, antecedents and consequences of the collaboration.
Antecedents Attributes Consequences
Conclusion
In conclusion, collaboration has a key role in providing a health care in a therapeutic field. Both the patients and coworkers have a trusting relationship environment in a medical health care. The paper discussed some key terms, such as attributes, antecedents, and the consequences of collaboration to better describe the collaboration system. In the paper, in order to understand the concept of collaboration, some meaningful definitions have been discussed. Moreover, by using ACCN synergy model, the paper threw light on theory of collaboration. Also, in the paper, it was observed as well as evaluated the preferred concept of collaboration based on framework of theory.
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