The characterization of leukemia depends on the synchronous use of different systems. Histomorphology and Cytomorphology are consolidated with multiparameter Flow cytometry and cytochemistry to relegate the sample to the right entity. Chromosomal investigation, regularly supplemented by PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization is beneficial. Leukaemias are as of now analyzed using combination of morphological examination, Immunophenotyping, cytochemistry, molecular genetics and cytogenetics. The World Health Organization (WHO) characterization for AML expands the criteria utilized as a part of the FAB system. Immunophenotyping has a key part in recognizing negligibly separated AML and ALL, for detection of AML, and also in the classification of T- and B-cell ALL.
INRODUCTION
The immunophenotypic information is exceptionally multi-dimensional; what's more, to help perception were anticipated onto a fitting three-dimensional space that gave the best partition. There are a few routes in which this projection can be made. The principal will be PCA that ventures the information along the headings indicating most variances. Another choice is LCA, where bearings are decided to amplify between-group partitions. AML is a heterogeneous issue described by the hindrance of myeloid separation in hematopoietic mother cells. Gene expression arrays have been put to various uses with a specific target to completely explain AML biology. Generally, arrays has been connected to the diagnosis of AML; improvement of AML treatments; and illustrating the AML pathogenesis.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
AML subclasses prediction can be performed utilizing gene expression profiling, and AML subgroups with prognostically pertinent chromosomal anomalies can be anticipated utilizing this technique. Novel AML subclasses differentiation has been done utilizing microarray technology. Arrays have likewise been connected to pick up a superior understanding of the therapeutic agents for AML. Array comparative genomic hybridization, in combination with gene expression profiling, has been utilized to recognize gene expression signs in AML with complex karyotypes. This methodology is significant in that it takes into account the examination of identified areas of genomic addition or deletion with gene expression data. This allows the gene identification that is linked with mutation of leukomogenic gene. High throughput techniques are additionally being designed to study the proteome and to analyze transcriptional regulation through the utilization of protein microRNA microarrays. These are new methods that show guarantee in lessening the labor for examining mRNA and protein regulation by permitting the investigation of complex blends of miRNA protein at the same time instead of one by one.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
Three types are microarrays are common namely reverse phase microarrays, functional microarray and analytical microarrays. Reverse phase microarray are used to detect altered proteins which is considered as secondary aspect of disease progression. The function microarrays are used to detect the properties of entire genome within one experiment. The analytic microarrays are generally used to detect the levels of protein expressions in the given sample. The main aim of this paper is to review the current methods used in detection of acute myeloid leukaemia. This paper also speaks about the novel techniques and their drawbacks to some extent.
Routine cytogenetic investigation in the recently analyzed leukemia patient depends on the vicinity of active cells which are mitotically dividing. Cells are captured in metaphase of the cell cycle, when the chromosomes are at their most dense, and effectively obvious. The chromosomes in the 'metaphase spread' are prepared so that staining with Giemsa (or Leishman) produces banding, permitting individual chromosomes to be recognized, and structural and numerical abnormalities to be recognized. A clonal anomaly is normally characterized by the vicinity of no less than two cells with the same deviation (three cells on account of chromosome loss). Notwithstanding when the variation recognized is not repetitive in leukemia, the finding of a clonal chromosomal loss can give confirmation to a malignancy situation in progress.
The cytogenetic analysis at metaphase stage forms a basis in detecting Acute Myeloid Leukaemias because detecting inversions and translocations is easy at this stage. In the course of recent years, a few quantitative and qualitative assays at molecular level for distinguishing NPM1 transformations have been designed and tried in an extensive number of AML patients. Qualitative measures for NPM1 transformations are profoundly delicate and particular tests for recognizing NPM1 changes are best connected to DNA or RNA taken cancer cells of peripheral blood and bone marrow. Western blot detects antibodies which in turn selectively recognize NPM1 mutants. This technique cannot recognize wild type NPM1 protein. Detection via Immunohistochemical analysis of cytoplasmic nucleophosmin may additionally be helpful in certain countries as cutting edge screening for NPM1 mutations. Besides, immunohistochemistry is basic for analysis of AML cases giving as myeloid sarcoma. One promising methodology taking into account the utilization of flow cytometry of intracellular tissues for quick, specific recognition of nucleophosmin in the cytoplasm of leukemic cells has been as of proposed as an option to bone marrow trephines in the detection of NPM1- mutation of AML.
CONCLUSION
Minimal residue disease monitoring in case of AML by either molecular techniques or flow cytometric Immunophenotyping may improve the outcomes effectively. The well established Minimal residual disease assays will include identification of faulty immunophenotypes via flow cytometry or recognition of aberrations at gene level through PCR amplification. Over all, these methodologies will yield more prominent understanding into the science of AML, and consider an comprehension of variables affecting AML treatment and pathogenesis.
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