1) It is a reflection of changes in state of biodiversity of planet. It uses trends in size of population for vertebrate species of different regions and biomes to calculate the changes in average and in abundance over time. And I think this measurement is valid because an enormous number of species are being monitored, according to the reports 9,000 species. The monitoring is done by different methods such as counting the number of individual animals, surveying of animal traces and nesting sites, and even camera taping.
2) In general the reason is habitat destruction and degradation. The major destructions are caused by land-use. Clearing forests or any other habitats to make urban areas, plantations or agriculture lands has increased the tropical terrestrial index.
3) This increase decline refers to fisheries which was declined up to 74% which is caused by industrial fishing, and the best way to increase their number is to control commercial fishing, so in areas which the number of the mentioned species is decreased, should be stabilized first and then other programs could be used to increase their number.
4) Any of the regions of landmasses of the earth according to their specific faunas and floras is called a biogeographic realm.
The tropical index had a great decline. Afrotropical index was declined 38%, neotropical index 50% and finally indo-pacific index by 64% which shows a great destruction of the forest and other habitat across these realms. The main reason is growth of human population, urban, industrialan and of course developments.
5) The ecological footprint pursues the demand of humanity on the biosphere by comparing consumption of the humanity against regenerative capacity of the earth.
6) It means than humanity’s demand on nature has been more than it’s regenerating capacity in a year.
7) American footprint: 7x7000000000 =64 billion hectares, the land area of earth is 14.8 billion hectares, so for 7 billion people with American footprint 4.3 earths are needed.
7billion people with same footprint as Haiti ¼ of the earth would be enough
8) I means that the peoples demand in that country is more than the biocapacity or regenerating capacity in that country or in simpler words it’s overshoot in that country
9) Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia and China, the rapid economic expansion in these countries deserve special attention when looking at the Ecological Footprint and the pressure on biocapacity. The population in the BRIICS is high and also the consumption per person is increasing too, the result is a faster expansion in comparison with high-income countries. So as we can see these countries may get in overshoot faster than other countries as expanding and population growth is faster that other countries.
10) Basically as the level of income increases the level of urbanization, increasing in urbanization level ,increases emissions level. As we know urbans are responsible for more than 70% of CO2 emissions. So level of income and footprint have direct relation, as the income higher the footprint more.
11) HDI: The Human Development Index is composite statistic of indices of income, education, and expectancy used to rank the level of human development of countries.
IHDI: The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, is the average level HDI in a society when inequality is taken into consideration. In perfect situation, the IHDI is equal to the HDI. but as it falls below the HDI, the inequality rises. In this situation, the IHDI is the real level of human development, therefore the HDI can be considered as an index of the potential human development which could be achieved if there is no inequality.
Remedies that may help IHDI and HDI become equal will interfere with social and political issues which directly deal with people in a country, as the national policies go toward the development of the country there should be other policies to remove inequalities, so people could have equal access to different facilities and services, and of course it can not be included in a few remedies.
