Sex linkage is the expression of Phenotypic allele that depends on the gender of an individual and is linked directly to the sex chromosomes the individual has. In mammals, the male sex is most likely to show the recessive sex linked traits. Genotype is the genetic compositions of an individual and it refers to the genes an individual has in a genome. It determines the characteristics of a person and how he or she responds to certain stimulus. Phenotype, on the other hand, is the physical characteristics or the appearance of an individual. These can be seen in things like the skin color, height, and hair color. This is mostly influenced by one’s genes and the environment they stay in while genotype is influenced by the genetic makeup a person has. The knowledge of a person’s phenotype does not always allow one to determine their genotype. I would perform a test cross on an individual who is phenotypically dominant in order to determine their genotype.
The terms allele and gene are different in that a gene is part of the DNA composition while an allele is the similar versions of a gene. Genes form part of the DNA in a person that make up the genetics of an individual it determines the genetic characteristics of a person. On the other hand, an allele is a different sequence of a DNA that acts as a determinant on one characteristic of a person. The other difference is in the differentiation of alleles into recessive and dominant parts while genes lack this differentiation. Alleles also occur in pairs while genes do not. Alleles produce contrasting phenotypes that are very different in nature. Alleles are different types of similar genes that come together to form to different alleles. The alleles in an individual are what cause the difference seen in siblings who inherit the same genes from their parents. Despite these differences one note that these two terms are important in developing the form of an individual and defining their personality. The two are closely linked and their roles are clearly defined by the differences in their functions. Each plays its own role in defining the personality of an individual (Audesirk, Gerald & Ryers, 2011).
Ethics is an important aspect of the society as it helps to ensure that the society gets information that is true and relevant. Information based on accurate research his important in providing guidance to the society, therefore, the need to have scientific research based on ethical values is paramount. The society needs information that is accurate and unbiased, and this can only be available if the scientists conform to the codes of ethics. Providing the society with information that is not accurate or biased will not be beneficial as people rely on this research to make important decisions regarding their health and health related issues. Scientific research is a source of awareness of the society as it depends on this information to know how different aspects of their lives and the environment they live in contribute to their health. This makes ethical research an important aspect in the parts of people’s lives as they may use the inaccurate or biased research to make major decisions only to realize that they were misled by the findings of a research.
The boundaries of scientific research ethics include representing a varied academic and professional background that makes them competent in what they are doing. This will help with provision of information that is accurate and reliable. The researchers need to identify their level of competency and qualifications in order to give information they are well aware of. The researchers also need to conduct research in new areas or ideas only when they have attained the required qualifications that will equip them with the necessary knowledge to make them competent in what they do. They need to have completed the necessary actions before engaging in any research activity. There is also a need to keep up with the changes and new ideas in the scientific field. This will keep them at par with others in the same field. The scientific field is ever changing with new information and devices being discovered every other day, this prompts a competent researcher to keep up with new ideas and information to enable them to do a complete an up to date research. The scientific community police scientists by monitoring and scrutinizing their work before releasing it to the public to ensure they are in accordance with the code of ethics (Audesirk, Gerald & Ryers, 2011).
Scientists who violate ethical values set for them are at risk of facing different disciplinary measures that include debarment. The other punishments that can be accorded a scientist who breaches the code of ethics include forceful resignation or removal of the published research from the public domain to prevent its use by the public. Depending on the nature of the breach, a scientist may be charged with manslaughter if they violate or murders a subject in the course of a research. There are cases where a scientist is forced to correct the errors he or she has done in his work in an effort to ensure that there are minimal errors. However, this may not be the best solution as people will be cautious of those scientists known to be publishing erroneous work. The best punishment for those who plagiarize other people’s work should include striping them of their certificates to prevent them from misleading the public.
Gametes are : TtTt, TtGg, GgTt,GgGg,
Offsprings: yellow edible, green edible
Gametes: TtTT, TtGG, GgTT,GgGG,
c. TtGg x Ttgg gametes: TtTt, Ttgg,GgTt, Gggg
offprings: yellow edible, green edible
Reference
Audesirk, T., Gerald, &Ryers, B. (2011).Biology: Life on Earth, 9th Ed. Benjamin Cummings.
