History Questions
The council of Trent was the most important councils in the history of Roman Catholic Church. It took place between the years 1545 to 1563 (Jedin, 2008). It was on and off three times between these periods. It created new rules for the church and eliminated vices that pulled the church down for example the sale of excesses and corruption. Other changes that took place included the holy mass, holy orders and clergy education, the marriage sacrament, and other decrees regarding the church. The council involved Jesuits, papal supporters, delegates of Italia, and even protestant representatives (Jedin, 2008). These doctrines laid the strong hold of the modern Catholic Church.
Ignatius Loyola was born in 1491 into a noble family. He founded the Jesuits (Society of Jesus). This transformation happened after he was wounded in the war against France and started seeing visions (Duckett, 2011). After these occurrences, he joined theology schools all over the world and graduated with a degree in France. He later wrote a book called the Spiritual Exercises, a very important book in spirituality. Before he died in the year 1556, his order was estimated to have over 11,000 followers who were sworn into poverty chastity and obedience (Duckett, 2011). He also worked with men like of Francis Xavier who had a huge impact in the Catholic Church.
The Manchu Empire of China otherwise known as the Qing dynasty was the final dynasty of china that ruled from the year1644 to 1912 (Foo, 2009). The Manchu’s were originally not from china and therefore were disliked by the natives. However, they improved the lives of the common natives and expanded the territories to the size that we know it today. They adopted some of the Chinese cultures to reduce rebellions but kept the high offices in the military and civil service. Intermarriage was forbidden between the Manchu and the Chinese. Its downfall was brought about by the western in form of missionaries and traders and the rebellion that took place due to lack of food.
Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were both political philosophers who stated theories regarding the types of governments and political systems and what would suit better the needs of the citizens (Hannabuss, 2012). Hobbes philosophy was that life was harsh and short. Funds are also constantly inadequate this puts everyone at risk of injury and ultimately death. Therefore, the system of government should be monarchs with dictatorial powers. On the other hand, Locke promoted the democratic system government. This is because it is more practical and less complicated than the latter system. He also believed that rather than everyone being vulnerable to death, all individuals are equally free to rule and live and that there is abundance of funds in the society if only resources are integrated with work.
Adam smith is famous for theories in economy. His ideas ascertain that nation’s acquire wealth best if individuals are entirely liberated to use their skills and funds in their own interest at their own caution (Buchan, 2006). He predicted educated that if such independence were allowed, wealth would increase to an optimum. For example, occupations that would require lots of training would result to fewer people venturing in it thus resulting to higher wages (Mats & Mo, 2010). At the same time, jobs that are less desirable to do like garbage men would result to a higher pay unlike bus drivers. Finally, when products are first launched they sell at a higher price unlike when they have stayed in the market and more investors have embarked to their productions (Buchan, 2006). His ideas and theories have proven to be true and are the foundation of prospering economies like the United States.
Industrial revolution is the period that marked massive economic, social, cultural, and technological change in the whole world. It transformed the lives of human beings in all aspects from economic activities like hunting and gathering and evolved to activities like farming using machines and production of goods that were otherwise on existent. This revolution began in Britain and spread to the rest of the world. This led to urbanization, increase of human population, better lifestyle, and major breakthrough in the field of medicine and construction. The second industrial revolution broke through in parts of Germany making breakthrough in transportation as the railway, engines and ships were invented.
Slave trade started as the Europeans tried to colonize the Americans and needed labour to build the economy (Carmelita 2010). They capture the American natives and when they could not satisfy the demands, they ventured into Africa where nations like the Portuguese were already deep. In some western African countries, slave trade was legal but was not welcome idea to many. The invaders used methods like kidnapping and luring individuals using sweets to capture them and ship them away. History serves that about 32 million were capture but over 22 million died before they got to their destination (Carmelita 2010). Slave trade was finally abolished in 1888.
Darwin’s theory of evolution suggests that all living organisms generated from only one organism. This organism allegedly mutated over time and when the mutations accumulated, it led to the emergence of a different organism (Browne, 2002). This theory is very popular despite the heated debates it emanates especially from the religious groups. His theory presumes that fruits and reptiles are related. The development of life from non-living things was purely natural and that organisms evolve from simple relatives over time and that this mutations aid survival a progression called natural selection (Browne, 2002). He also supports the theory of competition and this is what balances nature and is as well brought about by mutation.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels are the founders of an economic ideology otherwise known as Marxism (Raines, 2002). Their ideas were directed towards solving the socio-economic problems that always seemed to come across many nations. Their work greatly influenced socialism in nations like the Soviet Union. Their ideology was geared towards helping citizens improve their economic status instead of trying to maintain where they were (Raines, 2002). For this to work, the government had to own all wealth and divide it equally among citizens. With this method, the economy would do away with economic class. However, the states that followed these theories did not prosper because they misinterpreted most Marxist ideas and therefore were not Marxist at all.
Reference
Browne, E. J. (2002). Charles Darwin: vol. 2 The Power of Place. London: Jonathan
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Buchan, J. (2006). The Authentic Adam Smith: His Life and Ideas. W. W. Norton &
Company
Carmelita N. P., (2010). The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database: Voyages. Reference
Reviews, 24(5):.65 - 66
Duckett, (2011). Historical Dictionary of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation,
Reference Reviews, 25(3):15 – 15
Foo C. T., (2009). Dr Sun Yat Sen and Chinese Management Studies: Chinese
Management Studies, 3(4)
Hannabuss, S, (2012) Historical Dictionary of Hobbes's Philosophy: Reference
Reviews, 26(6):21 – 22
Jedin, (2008). A History of the Council of Trent: The Sessions at Trent.
Mats F., & Mo Y., (2010) "A Commentary on Adam Smith and International Business,”
Multinational Business Review, 18 (1): 95 – 112
Raines, J. (2002). Introduction. Marx on Religion (Marx, Karl). Philadelphia: Temple
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