Minerals are natural inorganic substances that are found in rocks and soil and are considered essential components for human survival. Minerals compose an estimate 4% of the body and are necessary for normal functioning of the body. Humans are incapable of producing minerals which is why it is necessary to obtain minerals from plant and meat sources. Soil contains nearly 45% of minerals, wherein plants absorb all natural minerals which is absorbed in the human body upon consumption (Ward 2014). 18 minerals are considered essential out of the total 103 known minerals. Some of the major function so minerals include: (a) Enzymatic reactions in the body are based on the presence of minerals (they act as co-factors). The process for cellular function is dependent on minerals (b) Body pH is maintained due enzymes (c) Facilitate the transfer of nutrients across cellular membranes (d) Maintenance of proper neve conduction (e) Helps in relaxation and contraction of muscles (f) Regulation of tissue growth and (g) Provide structural and functional support for the body (Kamanga & Emadi 2012).
Major Minerals
Calcium and phosphorus are key major minerals that essential for normal functioning of the body. Calcium plays a key role in the development of healthy bones and teeth. The role of calcium in the body is associated with blood clotting. Some researchers also suggest the role of calcium in the normal functioning of the nervous system. Some of the common sources of calcium include broccoli, kale, milk and dairy products, sardines, tofu, and salmon (Shin & Kim 2015). Calcium deficiency can often lead to weak bones making people susceptible to fractures and chronic issues such as osteoporosis. Chronic calcium deficiency can be fatal and cause hypocalcaemia (Wang, et al. 2013). Phosphorus plays a key role in energy metabolism and normal growth/development of bones and teeth. It also functions to maintain the acid-base levels in the body. Some of the common sources of phosphorus include grains, milk, meats, lentils, and food additives. Phosphorus deficiency can cause osteomalacia in adults and rickets in children. Both, phosphorus and calcium deficiency or imbalance are known to cause osteoporosis, specifically in women above 40 years. Reduced levels of phosphorus in the blood serum is known as hypophosphatemia (Lee & Cho 2015).
Minor minerals
Boron and iodine are key minor minerals that have vital role and function in the human body. Boron is associated with normal growth and development of teeth, nails and bones. It is also important for brain function, specifically alertness. Major sources of boron include grapes, apples, carrots, pears, nuts, and leafy vegetables (Ward 2014). Iodine plays a vital role in normal thyroid function. Iodized salt, sea vegetables, and sea food are common and rich sources of iodine. Iodine deficiency is associated with breast cancer, goitre, fatigue, and cretinism (Kamangar, & Emadi 2012).
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a bone health disease, wherein the bones are fragile and weak. Primary causes of osteoporosis include calcium and phosphorus deficiency. Hormone therapy including oestrogen or raloxifene (approved by the US FDA) are recommended for treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis mainly affects women after the age of 40, specifically among those who have low intake of calcium and other vital minerals (Cosman, et al. 2014).
What are the functions of water & general effect of dehydration on the body?
Water is the most integral and essential component for human beings. It helps regulate body temperature and protects the various organs and tissues. Water helps in the transportation of mineral and vitamins while it also helps in carrying oxygen to the different cells. Dehydration may lead to constipation, kidney stones, cholesterol problems, muscle damage, liver problems, and joint pain (Popkin, D’Anci, & Rosenberg 2010).
References
Cosman, F., de Beur, S. J., LeBoff, M. S., Lewiecki, E. M., Tanner, B., Randall, S., &
Lindsay, R. (2014). Clinician’s Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis. Osteoporosis International, 25(10), 2359–2381.
Kamangar, F., & Emadi, A. (2012). Vitamin and Mineral Supplements: Do We Really Need
Them? International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 3(3), 221–226.
Lee, A. W., & Cho, S. S. (2015). Association between phosphorus intake and bone health in
the NHANES population. Nutrition Journal, 14, 28.
Popkin, B. M., D’Anci, K. E., & Rosenberg, I. H. (2010). Water, Hydration and
Health. Nutrition Reviews, 68(8), 439–458.
Shin, C. S., & Kim, K. M. (2015). The Risks and Benefits of Calcium
Supplementation. Endocrinology and Metabolism, 30(1), 27–34.
Wang, M., Yang, X., Wang, F., Li, R., Ning, H., Na, L., Sun, C. (2013). Calcium-deficiency
Ward, E. (2014). Addressing nutritional gaps with multivitamin and mineral
supplements. Nutrition Journal, 13, 72.
