In the study conducted by authors Alex B. Van Zant and Laura J. Kray, they explored on the concept of truthfulness and honesty. In the study, the researchers stated their objective as attempting to limit the incidence by which people lie. They hypothesized that lying and deception can be averted if face-to-face interaction can instigate moral concern as with the other forms of communication. Simplifying this, the authors believed that when interaction is direct and visual, the possibility of deception will be averted. The authors’ further claims that with face-to-face interaction the players in the communication process will feel guilty for lying and would, in return, express truthfulness in their verbal exchange of information.
In order to achieve their objectives, the authors conducted an experiment. The experiment involved the use of a modified deception game initially developed by Uri Gneezy in 2005. The game is designed to use a dyadic paradigm. The purpose of this format is to be able to control the conditions that warrants the expression and manifestation of the appropriate response of the sender and the receiver. This will enable the researchers to validate the authenticity and the responsiveness of the participants. In the end, the authors had been able to validate the role that a face-to-face interaction delivers in fostering honesty. In fact, the authors specifies that counterpart trust and fear of retaliation are pivotal to this moral-interest response.
Deserve and Diverge: Feeling Entitled Makes People More Creative
In this particular study, the authors wanted to find out what feelings could help trigger or boost creativity. The authors tried to connect the feeling of entitlement into the concept of creativity. Their interest in connecting creativity with entitlement is the common association of entitlement to something negatively-motivated. The authors define entitlement as the feeling that they are more deserving and worthy of a benefit or a potential as compared to others because pf the presumed notion that they are in possession of something that others do not have. This is therefore, associated with the feeling of selfishness. The reason why the authors explore on this discussion because they wanted to point out that amidst the plethora of negative attributes associated with entitlement, there is something positive that can be derived out of it and that is creativity.
In an attempt to prove their claim the authors of the paper suggest the use of manipulation and creativity measures. The authors has in fact, used four different conditions to test how entitlement affects creativity. In the study, a writing prompt had been initiated. The same prompt had been used in the other studies however, the conditions and the manipulation had been altered to establish the significant difference or any notable variation. The authors had been able to draw a significant correlation between the variables used in the study. However, as recommendation, the authors believed that the impact and the consequence of entitlement should be controlled because of the overwhelming result that relates to entitlement other than creativity. In the same study the authors established that there are too many consequences of entitlement that are negative that amidst the potentials for creativity, it is still not healthy to use this as a motivating factor to creativity.
How Do I Look? Focusing Attention on the Outside Body Reduces Responsiveness to Internal Signals in Food Intake
In a society that is run by the standards of a cosmopolitan concept of beauty that delimits the context within a certain body type, the authors focused their study on how one’s perception of their body significantly affects the consumption. The authors believed that an individual is most likely to control his or her urges to eat if that individual would use their physical body structure as motivation to eat or not to eat. The authors cited several instances for which a person becomes motivated and one of those motivation is personal satisfaction. If the same principle applies to how an individual processes their drives and motives, then it could be that their personal views of their physical appearance, i.e. their body can be a motivating factor or drive that could allow an individual to control his or her urges to eat or binge.
Believe You Can and You Will: The Belief in High Self-Control Decreases Interest in Attractive Alternatives
The researchers of this study was interested in preservation of intimate relationships along with the factors that could help preserve such relationships. In the pursuit of establishing a justification that individuals can practice self-control especially in committing acts of infidelity, the researchers explored the realm of using feedbacks that fosters trust and belief of another person’s self-control. To prove their hypothesis, the proponents conduct a study that would test whether positive or negative feedback on self-control can play a significant role against the possibility of entertaining the interest towards attractive alternatives. The researchers grouped the participants into groups—one receiving positive feedback on self-control and the other, otherwise.
The study later on revealed that those who received positive feedbacks regarding their self-control had been able to resist interest in attractive alternation. However, those who were in a relationship and received a negative feedback had eventually fallen it the pit of the so-called attractive alternative. Nevertheless, the author said these result should not be utilized to generalize everyone because the result might not be similar especially among single men. The authors had been able to come up with the conclusion that positive feedbacks are responded with favorable results. Relating it to the course of the study it was also established that the authors had been able to rationalize that relationships are preserved by positive and productive communication as compared to non-communicating individuals or those who limit or restrict their dialogues or conversations.
Gendered Race Prototypes: Evidence for the Non-Prototypically Of Asian Men and Black Women
After the commencement of the conducted experiment, the researchers had been able to establish that on the issue of cognitive abilities, Asian men are considered invisible to Black women. Also, there seems a negative implication on the Asian men’s gender relating that White men are perceived less in reference to the prototype on the basis of gender. Similarly, the study has also been able to establish that Black women are still being judged and scrutinized not only on the basis of their skin color but also on the merits that they are women. Women are viewed less prototype on both gender and skin color. The authors can utilize this result by fostering ways on how to curve or control the incidents of social discrimination and stereotyped based on gender and race.
Referent Status Neglect: Winners Evaluate Themselves Favorably Even When the Competitor Is Incompetent
Self-evaluation and comparison of one’s self to another individual is something that most people do. This is often done for many reasons. One of which included making one’s self feel good that they have gained a willful advantage against another human being. However, the authors claimed that the satisfaction is better if the referent person is someone of your competition. If one comparing self against competition, the researchers suggest, the evaluation is favorable towards the person making the evaluation. This is natural. Who would not want to be way better than their rival? Of course, that feeling is already a given. However, the researchers were interested to determine who a person would react should the result of the comparison suggest that the competition are doing better than you.
The researchers conduct series of self-evaluation report which would assess how honest a person is at making self-evaluation and personal comparison against a person of your competition but is ranked or is evaluated better than the person making the evaluation. The researchers had been able to establish following the experiment that people usually forget the referent information details in making self-evaluation. Hence, they would not feel that they are in a competition to surpass the performance or the status of another person. In addition, the neglect on taking into account the details about the referent constitute to the evaluator favorably evaluating one’s self and finding satisfaction with the results of the evaluation regardless of whether or not that referent is competent or otherwise. It still constitute to the fact that any person making self-evaluation would most likely evaluate self favorably regardless of the conditions presented to them during the evaluation.
References
Hamburg, Myrte and Tila Pronkb. "Believe you can and you will: The belief in high self-control decreases interest in attractive alternative." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (2015): 30-35. Print.
Schug, Joanna, Nicholas Alt and Karl Cristoph Klauer. "Gendered race prototypes: Evidence for the non-prototypicality of Asian men and Black women." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (2015): 121–125. Print.
van de Veer, Evelien, Erica van Herpen and Hans C.M. van Trijp. "How do I look? Focusing attention on the outside body reduces responsiveness to internal signals in food intake." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (2015): 207–213. Print.
Van Zant, Alex and Laura Kray. "“I can't lie to your face”: Minimal face-to-face interaction promotes honesty." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (2014): 234–238. Print.
Zell, Ethan, Mark Alicke and Jason Strickhouser. "Referent status neglect: Winners evaluate themselves favorably even when the competitor is incompetent." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (2014): 18–23. Print.
Zitek, Emily and Lynne Vincent. "Deserve and diverge: Feeling entitled makes people more creative." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (2015): 242–248. Print.
