Introduction
Extraction, crystallization and melting point can be used as methods of separating mixtures. Extraction and melting points are employed on separating liquid-liquid mixtures whereas purification of elements utilizes crystallization as their method of separation with impurities. Separation of mixtures involves the distinction of the constituent elements of the mixture into their constituent elements. Separation of mixtures is based on characteristics of the constituent elements of the mixture. Chemical affinity and density are the most utilized properties in organic compound mixtures.
Discussion
Methods of preparing the substance include the use of extraction from a mixture which is based on the principle of the distribution of the solute within the mixture. The experiment involves the use of separating funnel in safely to separate two organic compounds which after the addition of Sodium hydrogen carbonate to the mixture lead to formation of two layers in the mixture because the two liquids become immiscible. Sodium hydrogen carbonate is used because it is a weak base in comparison to carbonates. The use of the hydrogen carbonate follows the rule that it is protonated once whereas and it is nucleophilic. The hydroxide ion is nucleophilic. The resultant substance is an electrophile which reacts with the hydroxide in solution at increased temperature. For the best results Sodium bicarbonate is used in yielding alkyl halide.
The melting point is determined by the vander-waals forces of attraction. Ionic compounds have high melting point as compared to the covalent bonds that have high melting points. Melting points are strongly influenced by molecular symmetry. The purity of a substance and identification of an organic compound are necessary in the laboratory. A good test is one where the compound exhibits some unique property. Considering the fact that there are millions organic compounds. It is considered that melting point may deviate by 5 degrees from accepted value. Presents of impurities lead to lowering of the melting point o the substance. Mixed melting point can be used to establish the identity of the sample. Mixtures of equal amounts of compounds are prepared and the melting point of the mixtures is determined.
Conclusion
During the preparation of the substance methods such as extraction, crystallization, and their melting are used .Organic solvents such as acetate, ethanol and acetone are used to dissolve the substance so as to remove impurities. Evaporation is then used so as to get the crystals of the substance. The separation depended on different type of the mixture such as liquids. Their separation will be based on either the fact that they are miscible or immiscible. For immiscible liquids, at times it could be perceived to be easy to separate them but in the real sense it is difficult to get two perfectly immiscible liquids. The only way of separating the two liquids will depend on the liquid affinity for one solvent of the other liquid in the mixture. Miscible liquids are separated through extraction which will involve conversion of the mixture into ionic form by acid-base reactions. The separation will thus be based on ionic compounds properties of less solubility in less polar solvents like ether and ester in addition to highly solubility in polar solvents.
