1. Executive order 9066
This was permission given to war secretary and the military leaders on February 19th, 1942 by the then United state president Franklin Roosevelt to designate military areas in regions which they may deem appropriate and from which people may be excluded and whose authority to remain, enter or leave lied on the discretion of the war secretary or the military commander in charge.
“Federal Register.” Federal Register, 75.235 (2010), preceding 467. Print.
2. War relocation authority
This was an order by President Franklin Roosevelt on March 18th, 1942 that created an agency to look into the removal of Japanese descent people from the military designated areas.
Mizuno, Takeya. “The creation of the "free" press in Japanese-American camps: The war relocation authority's planning and making of the camp newspaper policy.” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly78. 3 (autumn 2001): 503-518. Print.
3. Civilian exclusion order
This was a directive to have all Japanese Americans evacuated from the military areas with imposition of curfews to them not to move more than five miles from their homes. The order also required them to surrender all their cameras, shortwave radios, binoculars and maps. It also gave the expectations of internment on all natives of Japanese lineage through posters.
Hanyok, Robert J. "Catching the fox unaware." Naval War College Review, 61.4 (2008): 99-124.Print.
4. Issei, Nisei, Kibei
Issei refers to the first generation representing the emigrants from Japan while Nisei is the second generation who comprises of Isseis’ children born with American citizenship. Kibei are those who returned to America after schooling in Japan. They were all segregated for they were all considered to have a Japanese aspect.
Mizuno, Takeya. “Government suppression of the Japanese language in world war ii assembly camps.” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly80. 4 (Winter 2003): 849-865. Print.
5. John Dewitt
He was a high ranking American soldier (lieutenant general) born on 9th January, 1880. He died on 20th June, 1962 after overseeing the internment of Japanese-Americans in World War II.
Granberry, Michael. “Artist shedding some light on a dark chapter in history” McClatchy - Tribune Business News [Washington] 28 June 2009. Print.
6. Names and locations of 10 permanent internment camps
The following are the 10 permanent internment camps and their locations: Amache-Colorado, Gila river-Arizona, Heart mountain-Wyoming, Jerome-Arkanasas, manzamar-california, Minidoka-Idaho, Poston-Arizona, Rohwer-arkanasas, Tupaz-Utah and Tule lake- California.
Lloyd, Paula. “Japanese-Americans not surprised by internment lies”. McClatchy - Tribune Business News [Washington] 26 May 2011. Print.
7. 442nd regimental combat team
This was a unit that composed of Japanese Americans soldiers whose families were subjected to internment. Its motto was ‘’ Go for Broke’’ which meant risking everything in the endeavors of winning big.
Zabecki, David. “The 'Go for Broke' 442nd.” Military History, 25.6 2009. Print.
8. No/No Boys.
These were young American born Japanese young men who gave an answer “no” to the following two questions which were administered to them in questionnaire after they were forced into the internment camps.
1) "Are you willing to serve in the armed forces of the United States on combat duty, wherever ordered?"
2) "Will you swear unqualified allegiances to the United States of America and faithfully defend the United States from any or all attack by foreign or domestic forces.”
Entin, Joseph "A Terribly Incomplete Thing": "No-No Boy" and the Ugly Feelings of Noir.” Melus, 35.3 (2010): 85-104. Print.
9. Korematsu v United States
This was the case that tried to challenge the constitutionality of Executive order 9066. In this case Korematsu remained in San Leandro in California which was a militarily excluded area thus contravening the requirements of the order. In this case, the government won in a ruling by Justice Black who argued that the defense of the country supersedes Korematsu’s rights.
Smith, Starr.” Korematsu v. United States: Japanese-American Internment Camps.” School Library Journal 44. 8 (Aug 1998): 169. Print.
10. Civil liberties act (1988)
This was an Act enacted by United States congress after the commission on wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians explained that relocation as well as internment of people of Japanese ancestry was tantamount to injustice an that the action was carried without enough security reasons but was motivated by racial prejudice and political leadership failure. The congress apologized on behalf of the country—America.
“U.S. to Offer President's Apology to Japanese L. Americans”
Jiji Press English News Service [Tokyo] 13 June 1998: 1. Print.
11. Public Law 503 (Mar 1942)*
This is a law passed by the congress after the designation of military area #1 and #2 in the estates of pacific coast in Oregon, California, Washington and South Arizona. The law legalized the enforcement of “Executive order 9066” and also the imposition of criminal penalties to whoever would violate it.
Public Law 503, Document 00104, 001 March 21, 1942. Print.
12. Alien Enemies Act (1798)
This was an Act passed by the congress which gave powers to the president to order the exclusion of any alien who may seem to be a threat to the peace and security of the nation or who may be suspected to be secretly having machinations against the United State government.
Katyal, Neal. “Waging war, deciding guilt: Trying the military tribunals”. The Yale Law Journal 111. 6 (Apr 2002): 1259-1310. Print.
