Intuitionism should be the most interesting phenomenon in modern philosophy. Intuitionism is a view, according to which the knowledge can be directly given to reason, as an inspiration insight, which is more comprehensive than a rational or sensual experience. In ethics it implies a point of view that the basic moral principles understood intuitively rather than through other cognitive processes.
Misconception of Kantian implied idealism that separating the mind from the appreciation of living, sensual contemplation, but also the metaphysical way of thinking, absolutizes distinction between direct and indirect knowledge and unable to find a valid way of development of knowledge.
Kant developed the position that knowledge must be complemented by an a priori logical point, or formal factor, which alone makes it a real scientific, universal and necessary knowledge. Kantianism is devoted to research the boundaries beyond which the effect of the consciousness can not extend the competence of reason (Milliken, 2006). The method of verification of these cognitive abilities and a network of critical method, or as it is called Kant, transcendental. Its essence lies in the study of cognition and its view a priori (in inexperienced or experienced before), the conditions of possibility of knowledge (Wolf, 1982). Critical philosophy of Kant combines materialism with idealistic doctrine of the unknowable "things in themselves." The advantage is that intuitionism not have to look to physical correlates in the world of being, as well as in the metaphysical other world. Therefore, there is no need to relate concepts with some "absolute" reality of things - can relate only to the form of the knowledge of the forms of knowledge of logic and physics (Battersby, 1989).
Building on the "induction", which is based on pra-intuition positive integer and intuitionism which identifies mathematics in activities recognized by almost all intuitionists. Intuitionist is a theory to explain the direct nature of some truths. But the immediacy of intuitionism conceived as a direct knowledge of the experience, and as a direct knowledge of previous experience, that is a priori. This is an advantage of intuitionism because Kantianism recognized the intuitive nature of a priori forms of sensibility, so Kant denied the human capacity for intellectual intuition. In the teachings of Kant's logical and epistemological a priori combined with the denial of the intuitive nature of knowledge a priori inherent intelligence. According to Kant, direct intuitive knowledge differ from rational knowledge, based on a logical unit definitions, syllogisms and proofs. However, only the direct discretion of the mind can certify us in the universal and necessary meaning of mathematical axioms and theorems. Experience is not lit "natural light" of reason, does not contain guarantees of universality and necessity of knowledge, produced empirically. Therefore, the teaching of the intuitionism about the intuitive, immediate truths of the nature of science does not contain trends alogism or anti-intellectualism. Intuition and demonstration serve them as a mutually exclusive members of contradictions, but as a unity of related categories genus and species: a direct, intuitive knowledge is only the most perfect form of intellectual knowledge.
Utilitarianism proposed moral theory, in which ethics is directly based on anthropology. The utilitarianism of pleasure and pain are the basic natural principles of human life. Morality, law and the state must be built in accordance with this natural principle (Mill, 2010). For social institutions utilitarians generally indicate it began as the principle of utility or the greatest (possible) happiness or prosperity. Lack of such an approach is that it eliminates the conscious creativity in the sphere of morality, the possibility of making an inexplicable moral innovations and in fact denies the existence of moral progress. Unlike utilitarianism, intuitionism does not approve that ethics means derives satisfaction and incentives to work, displayed only for reasons of the general utility of ethical action. Intuitionism strongly brings ethics into a different plane than science. Intuitionism came from the traditional Western European Christian ethics, in which the embodiment of the good ideas always associated with the actualization of the deepest center of any moral good. According to the methodological setting of intuitionists, moral judgments express a particular feeling of moral approval when possess emotive value, or express the character of universality and the absolute necessity of moral precepts that have prescriptive, that is standard value.
Intuitionists came to the conclusion that the primacy and supremacy of the moral will be provided only if the latter will invariably be realized by us only as an end in itself, but never as a means to an end. Whatever the general interest and appropriate ethical conduct may be, it nevertheless must be in us a purely internal necessity. Utilitarian ethics must capitulate to ethics directly and absolutely commanding debt. Kantianism is also came to the conclusion that it is necessary to take up quite a difficult task - to bring aimed at the empirical world, it is advisable valid ethics without empirical motives. Kant can not solve this problem and he does everything to possible to narrow the boundaries of ethics. He brings ethics only to the duties of man to man and he does not include non-human beings. Unlike Kantianism intuitionists created formal logical system that can be used in constructive mathematics. In intuitionism were rejected a number of passages of classical logic. Feature of intuitionistic (constructive) logic is that it does not always operate some of the laws of classical logic: the law of the excluded middle, law of double negation, law reductio ad absurdum. Conclusions of intuitionism and constructivism are important not only for mathematics, but for any kind of constructive processes: technical creativity, art, economic and legal activities and so on.
Utilitarianism leads to the idea of the autonomy of morality and moral relativism; then under the autonomous morality try to find rules that have the properties of theoretical truth; a moral norm, which is described as a theoretical truth, gives reason to consider it as a reflection of something existing in objective reality. The fundamental error of supporters justify morality and those who basically deny the possibility of such a study is to study the identification of objectivity and truth. The advantage of intuitionism is that it denies the possibility of justification of morality and moral relativism as intuitionism considers the prerogative of normative ethics of everyday consciousness and recognizes the rights of theoretical consciousness only in the field of meta-ethics, that is, in logical, linguistic and sociological analysis of the already established morality. Intuitive thinking, understood as a perfect design object, freed from the psychological aberrations intuitionism is to build the foundation of mathematical knowledge and the symbolic, which can not in principle be separated from the intuitive and shall from time to time.
Works Cited
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Battersby, Mark. "Critical thinking as applied epistemology: Relocating critical thinking in the philosophical landscape." Informal Logic 11.2 (1989).
Mill, John Stuart. Utilitarianism. Broadview Press, 2010.
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Scanlon, Thomas M. "Contractualism and utilitarianism." Utilitarianism and beyond 103 (1982): 110.
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