Philosophy
James Rachels argues that most of the notions we consider right are sometimes wrong and are sometimes gotten from the norms in society. The author does not differentiate the different social and cultural norms in society but insists there is no correct norm. One community might behave in a different way from other communities. The author makes it clear that all the different norms are correct according to the culture of that specific community.
In “Religion Gives Meaning to Life” Pojman criticizes the atheist prizing of autonomy over meaning, explain this criticism.
In Pojoman,s book religion gives meaning to life, argues that human beings come about by chance. Atheist believe that there is no purpose in the world. He suggests that for life to have to mean, religion must come into play. He also believes that human beings are created from the image of God and do not come by chance as the atheists believe. He also believes that everyone is born equal since they are born in the image and likelihood of God.
How does Hobbes describe the man in the state of nature? What is the state of nature for Hobbes?
Hobbes description man in the state of nature portrays man having the free will and freedom to pursue things that he might like. He can pursue good health, property liberty, and life. Human beings should not be a danger to other human beings and should not harm them. The state of nature of the average human being is a pursuit for his or her self-interests to increase the amount of pleasure felt and reduce and avoid pain if possible.
Why does J. P. Moreland think that the nature of identity is a problem for physicalism? How does Paul Churchland attempt to refute claims like Moreland’s regarding the nature of identity?
J. P. Moreland believes that human beings problems of the mind and body come about by several factors. He supports dualism and denies physicalism. He defines physical.sm as materialism. He argues that there is only one system involved in the normal operation of the body. Physicalism believes that there are no objects that cannot be seen by the naked eye. Therefore, physicalism argues that there are no spirits soul and Objects that cannot be seen physically. He refutes physicalism saying that atheism and physicalism share the same beliefs as atheism. According to Paul Churchland, there is the common belief that the mind is not an illusion but exists. However, the Moreland view is that the mind does not exist. Paul believes that materialism has some advantage that materialism over dualism. He states that materialism has a parsimonious nature in hat materialism can give an explanation to many things that happen. Secondly, he believes that materialism gives evidence and an explanation of many things such as the functioning of the brain. Paul believes that many of the principles that dualist use are obtained from materialism. Churchland argues that he supports materialism because it explains that human beings are a physical outcome and that they are higher and more powerful than all the other creatures in the world because they can think using their brain.
According to Baron D'Holbach, what are the causes of our belief in free will? According to Baron D'Holbach, we are born without being asked therefore we cannot choose to be born or not since our free will have been taken from us. He argues that free will is a mindset. He believes that human beings are ruled by their desires. The strongest one always takes over. He also argues that we should never think we are free since freedom comes from having no motive in doing something. The fact that human beings can deliberate over decisions does not mean that they are ever free. Freedom invokes ignorance since being free entails doing something for just the case and not having a purpose of doing it.
Kant does not believe that consequences should be used in one’s moral philosophy. What is the role of consequences in moral reasoning according to Immanuel Kant? Why does he disagree with using consequences?
Kant believes that consequences to various actions can never be avoided. He suggests that morality can always be applied to situations in which we can control. He also believes that the moral value of a human being has two characteristics. The nature of the action and the conscious reason of the person doing the cat. Both these characteristics must bring about positive results. Human beings have the will to do what they want as long as they judge their actions and motives at the end of making the decision. The person must deliberate on a certain decision before taking it.
What is W. K. Clifford’s main point and how does William James seek to refute it?
Clifford's main point was that it would be wrong and irrational believing an ideology without getting enough evidence to support the belief. William James, however, has the notion that we can believe in some instances if we lack the necessary evidence. He argues that Clifford,s view of acquiring evidence does not relate to moral issues. Religion cannot relate to evidence since religion is what we believe.
