Introduction
A nursing theory refers to the arrangement of presumptions or recommendations, connections, definitions, and ideas received from the nursing models or from different teachings. It intends to venture a precise and purposive action by planning particular connections among ideas for the reasons of clarifying, portraying, anticipating, and/or endorsing. They are inferred through two vital strategies: Inductive thinking, and deductive thinking (Nursing Theories: An Overview, 2012).
Nursing scholars could use both of these strategies. Ideas are essentially thought vehicles that include pictures. They could be conceptual, inferential and empirical ideas. In a given nursng theory, there are several key factors. Say, models are representations of the collaboration between the ideas indicating designs. Models permit the ideas in nursing hypothesis to be effectively connected to the practice of nursing. Relational words are articulations that clarify the relationship between the ideas. Procedures are arrangement of activities, changes or capacities planned to realize a result (Nursing Theories: An Overview, 2012).
Significance/importance of nursing theories: Nursing theories help in depicting, foreseeing and clarifying the nursing phenomenon. It is intended to give the establishments of nursing practice, produce further learning and show in which course nursing must develop further (Nursing Theories: An Overview, 2012).
It enables an understanding on what to choose , what we know and what we have to know.
It recognizes the options needed to frame the premise of practice by expressly depicting nursing. This can be seen as an endeavor by the nursing calling to keep up its expert limits. Further, the advantages of having a characterized assortment of hypothesis in nursing involves a better patient consideration, upgraded proficient status for nurses, enhanced correspondence between the nurses, and direction for examination and instruction (Application of Theory in Nursing Process,2012).
Likewise, on the grounds of the fundamental nursing aspects, it is essential to have the hypothesis to break down and clarify what nurses do. As medication tries to make a move towards receiving a more multidisciplinary way to deal with the care, nursing keeps on endeavoring to build up a one of a kind assemblage of learning. This can be seen as an endeavor by the nursing calling to keep up its expert limits (Application of Theory in Nursing Process, 2012).
The study of nursing theory needs to be included in master’s program because it provides the nurses a professional skill to handle patients who present a variety of care challenges and with diverse backgrounds. This promotes strength and further advances their educational assets.
Likewise, it is useful to the nursing profession as it supports nurses to depict, clarify, and anticipate ordinary encounters; serves to guide appraisal, intercessions, and assessment of nursing consideration.; and gives a justification to gathering dependable and legitimate information about the wellbeing status of customers, which are vital for viable choice making and usage (Application of Theory in Nursing Process, 2012).
Nursing theory could be used to separate nursing from the healthcare by emphasizing on specific theoretical or model aspects related to the consideration of patient’s care needs, daily activities understanding the family and their concerns, developing emotional attachment, devising academic curriculum that boosts their skills (Leng, 2013). For a given care deserving patient, a healthcare could recommend medications where as a nurse theory could recommend the ways how the patient should be approached by understanding his or her background, beliefs, culture etc.
On the other hand, one concern regarding the use of nursing theory within the profession is related to the incorporation of theories from different areas into the area of nursing, with goal of finding a theoretical framework for the development of theory. The concern aims that nursing area must focus its efforts in forming more middle range theories, that could be capable of guiding research, practice and strengthen the recovery of patients from disorders (Sousa and Hayman, 2002).
Summary of selected nursing theory:Madeleine Leininger's theory of Transcultural Nursing:
It is also known as Culture Care Theory and is under both the classification of a claim to fame, and in addition a general practice region. The hypothesis has now formed into an order in nursing (Madeleine Leininger - Nursing Theorist, 2015).
The Transcultural Nursing hypothesis initially showed up in Leininger's Culture Care Diversity and Universality, distributed in 1991. Yet it was produced in the 1950s. The hypothesis was further created in her book Transcultural Nursing, which was distributed in 1995. In the third version of Transcultural Nursing, distributed in 2002, the hypothesis based exploration and the use of the Transcultural hypothesis are clarified (Madeleine Leininger - Nursing Theorist, 2015).
Key concepts:
Transcultural nursing is an investigation of societies to comprehend both similitudes and differences in patient gatherings. Here, culture is an arrangement of convictions held by a specific gathering of individuals, passed on from era to era. In trans-cultural nursing, nurses work on as indicated by the patient's social contemplations. It starts with a cultural appraisal, which takes the patient's social foundation into thought in evaluating the patient and his or her wellbeing. Once the appraisal is finished, the nurse will utilize the cultural evaluation to make a nursing care arrangement by taking the patient's social foundation into thought
(Madeleine Leininger - Nursing Theorist, 2015).
Apart from this, there are numerous reasons for it's helpful feature for nurses. Say, it enables to utilize social information of patients to treat them. It helps nurses to know about courses in which the patient's way of life and confidence framework give assets to their encounters with ailment, enduring, and even demise. It helps nurses to be understanding and conscious of the differing qualities that are frequently exceptionally exhibit in an attendant's patient burden. It additionally reinforces nurse’s dedication to nursing in view of the connections between nurse and patient and focusing the entire individual instead of surveying the patient as basically an arrangement of indications or a disease. At long last, utilizing social learning to treat a patient likewise offers a nurse to be liberal to medications that can be considered non-customary, for example, profoundly based treatments like drugs and anointing (Madeleine Leininger - Nursing Theorist, 2015).
In the transcultural nursing hypothesis, nurses have an obligation to comprehend the part of society in the soundness of the patient. Not just can a social foundation impact a patient's wellbeing, yet the patient might be taking home cures that can influence his or her wellbeing, too.
Leininger recognized three nursing choices and activities that accomplish socially benevolent care to the patient. They are: social protection or support, social consideration accommodation or transaction, and social consideration rebuilding. The nurses’ appraisal of the patient incorporates a self-evaluation that addresses how the nurse is influenced by his or her own social foundation, particularly concerning working with patients from socially different foundations. The nurse's determination of the patient incorporates any issues that might come up that include the care environment and the patient's social foundation. Moreover, the care consideration arrangement was believed to include parts of the patient's social found when required. Ultimately, the nurse’s assessment incorporates a self-assessment of states of mind toward looking after patients from contrasting social foundations (Madeleine Leininger - Nursing Theorist, 2015).
Metaparadigm concepts:
Person: Leininger's theory addresses that person entails communities, groups and families
(Madeleine Leininger's Culture care theory, 2016). Each of these have a special role in accepting
and acknowledging the care rendered by the nurses.
Health: Health is not a separate entity in nursing. This implies that several disciplines utilize the term ‘health’ under a common care umbrella. This could also mean that everyone could contribute to the progress of health to achieve significant outcomes.
Environment: This involves with interpretations and definitions provided to them in specific cultural, sociopolitical, ecological and physical setting (Madeleine Leininger's Culture care theory, 2016).
Reasons for selecting this theory (Leininger's theory):
This theory was selected because that in today's human services field, Leininger’ theory stresses that nurses must be touchy to their patients' social foundations while making a nursing arrangement. This is particularly vital since such a large number of individuals' way of life is so fundamental in who they are as people, and it is that culture that can significantly influence their wellbeing, and also their responses to medicines and care. Because of Madeleine Leininger's Trans-cultural nursing hypothesis, nurses can think at how a patient's social foundation is included in his or her wellbeing, and utilize that learning to make a nursing plan.
Such approach will in turn offer the patient some assistance with getting solid rapidly while as yet being touchy to his or her social foundation (Madeleine Leininger - Nursing Theorist, 2015).
Further, its potential use for the nurse practitioner is that it promotes cultural competence. This is because regardless of the nurse’s presence or availability in the classroom, at the bedside or offering leadership to the development of novel care agenda, cultural competence was believed to possess beneficial impact. Since the past few decades, developing awareness and acceptance of the requirement to enable nurses and other practitioners to offer a care that is culturally competent has developed globally (Schneider, 2016).
For instance, a region like California has population with diverse cultural backgrounds. Especially, many people do not speak English and events do not take efforts to learn it.
Yet, nurses need to understand and offer care in such transcultural domain. Nurses are inclined to learn other languages, say Spanish to avoid the communication problems and fulfill the deficiencies of translators. Many nurses know inherently that one should respect the complete individual in order to offer the reliable care particularly in situations related to dietary rules of patients (Schneider, 2016).
4. Application of Leininger's theory to specific nursing practice area:
Nurse practitioner
Example1:
Nurse practitioners (NPs) are considered as the professionals who could offer support to caring as the center of their own being and nursing personality. Many researchers recognize the role of NPs in two directions In the first place, it is their readiness to chat with the ones being breast fed, listening precisely and paying consideration on points of interest. Second, NPs are then ready to tailor treatment regimens to match inclinations and ways of life while they give instruction and wellbeing advancement. NPs are starting to look at speculations that portray the act of their calling. In one study, scientists have done a phenomenological study to reveal the caring encountered in the relationship between NP’s-nursed individuals.
The researchers found the themes that emerged from the dialog data such as spiritual expression (religious belief), trust, respect and love. This implied that NPs could derive benefits by understanding the key relationships between them and the nursed (clients/patients). Here, spirituality turned out to be a noteworthy variable in the care between them. Such caring created in the connections brought about the improved personhood of NPs. The caring radiating from the NPs upgraded the personhood of the ones nursed beyond the quick physical needs.
So, Leininger's theory could improve personhood of NPs with enhanced focus on the key relationships.
Example 2:
In another case, researchers believe that patient centeredness could optimize care of patients. This in turn could rely on cultural assessment described by Leininger's theory. The objective of a cultural assessment is to get precise data from the patient that would facilitate the nurse to formulate a mutually agreeable and culturally associated therapy plan for a problems specific to each patient (Campinha-Bacote, 2011).
So, NP’s could rely on patient centeredness
It was reported that patient centeredness has not been straightforwardly receptive to racial and ethnic inconsistencies in social insurance, yet it has the hypothetical potential to diminish such differences since it addresses a percentage of the estimated systems by which persistent race/ethnicity sways medicinal services providers (Saha, Beach, & Cooper, 2008). For instance, decision making by a provider shows up now and again becomes be one-sided by the patient race. Since patient-focused consideration intends to equalize the strength between the patients and suppliers, it is conceivable that incongruities in clinical choices would be lessened by expanding tolerant contribution. Suppliers likewise show differential interpersonal conduct, described by more full of feeling separation (less warmth, compassion, regard), when communicating with individuals of color.
A health practice that relies on patient centeredness frameworks offers extra benefits, for example, the capacity to get same-day arrangements and keeping up coherence and secure moves crosswise in care settings. Patient centeredness has characteristic features of culturally competent health systems.
For example, the utilization of group wellbeing specialists may offer human services frameworks some assistance with reaching out and convey consideration to the patient, as opposed to continually depending on the patient to go to the framework for consideration (Saha, Beach, & Cooper, 2008). In like manner, the unmistakable parts of patient centeredness can possibly enhance watch over non-white individuals and to diminish inconsistencies in consideration. Upgrading supplier accessibility may enhance nurture minority bunches who have a tendency to be hindered as far as access to mind.
Some patient centeredness activities, in any case, if not created precisely, may really expand incongruities. Case in point, advancing supplier accessibility through email contact or web gateways may lopsidedly advantage patients with simple access to and recognition with PCs, and along these lines worsen aberrations for low-wage and minority patients on the less lucky side of the "computerized separate." This highlights the importance of incorporating patient centeredness and social fitness while considering activities to advance care quality (Saha, Beach, & Cooper, 2008).
5. Conclusion
Thus it can be concluded that Leininger transcultural nursing theory appears as a key nursing and social care requirement globally since a century prior (Murphy, 2006). This field turned into a reality with the imaginative authority of a generally little gathering of tireless and devoted experts. Since its inception, research field has made accessible a great cluster of literature. Transcultural nursing draws on a vast field of data, extending past nursing to utilize research from numerous wellbeing sciences disciplines. Numerous indexing databases ought to be looked to mine the broad scope of this theory. Administrators who furnish nurse with transcultural nursing reference help must recommend the use of evidence based strategies to improve the patient outcomes. Especially, as this theory focuses on culture and patient centeredness, a personalized care system appears worth advisable in care settings.
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