Jones, M., Rona, R. J., Hooper, R., & Wesseley, S. (2006). The burden of psychological symptoms in UK Armed Forces. Occupational Medicine, 56(5), 322-328.
Jones, Margaret, et al. "The burden of psychological symptoms in UK Armed Forces." Occupational Medicine 56.5 (2006): 322-328.
The article compares to that of Foa, E. B., Steketee, G., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1989) whop try to find out the reason we have this issue among war veterans. It contrasts with the artcle by Kang, H. K., Natelson, B. H., Mahan, C. M., Lee, K. Y., & Murphy, F. M. (2003) who analyse a particular syndrome.
Kang, Han K., et al. "Post-traumatic stress disorder and chronic fatigue syndrome-like illness among Gulf War veterans: a population-based survey of 30,000 veterans." American Journal of Epidemiology 157.2 (2003): 141-148.
Kang, H. K., Natelson, B. H., Mahan, C. M., Lee, K. Y., & Murphy, F. M. (2003). Post-traumatic stress disorder and chronic fatigue syndrome-like illness among Gulf War veterans: a population-based survey of 30,000 veterans.American Journal of Epidemiology, 157(2), 141-148.
This source is credible because it presented a valid source of information in evaluating the risks of both PTSD and CFS in respect to the Gulf environment. While deployment-related stress could account a significant risk in both PTSD and CFS, the Gulf environment might have provided for additional factors for the disorders among the war veterans. The paper illustrates and extends of pathos and ethos in its context. The environment poses a serious risk factor in the Gulf war. Other than advanced training mechanisms in form of war simulations and training environment, veterans continue to suffer the effects of PTSD and CFS.
The article compares to that of King, L. A., King, D. W., Fairbank, J. A., Keane, T. M., & Adams, G. A. (1998) who analyse the issue of resilience for war veterans.
Foa, Edna B., Gail Steketee, and Barbara Olasov Rothbaum. "Behavioral/cognitive conceptualizations of post-traumatic stress disorder."Behavior therapy 20.2 (1989): 155-176.
Foa, E. B., Steketee, G., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1989). Behavioral/cognitive conceptualizations of post-traumatic stress disorder. Behavior therapy, 20(2), 155-176.
Foa (1989) points out the fact that the conflicting theories of fear and avoidance as a prevalence to PTSD is shortcoming in a number of ways. First, The S-R theory is insufficient in explaining the difficulty in incorporating meaning concepts central to PTSD. Evidence for the necessity of a theory to support meaning concepts lies in the findings that perceived threat is better predator of PTSD than the actual threat.
Brewin, Chris R., Bernice Andrews, and John D. Valentine. "Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults." Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 68.5 (2000): 748.
Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 68(5), 748.
Brewin,.. et al. (2010) studies a meta-analysis or risk factors for post traumatic risk disorder and the moderating effects of the various samples and study characteristics such as military/ civilian status. It emerged that factors such as gender, age of trauma, and race is a good predictor in some populations but not in others. Military veterans as compared to civilian population suffer more of PTSD effects.
According to the author, factors such as education, previous trauma, and childhood adversity predicted PTSD more consistently to a varying degree. The author in this book appeals to pathos. Among the military, psychiatric history, reported childhood abuse and family psychiatry history were more predominant in recurrence of PTSD later in life. It is expected that military personnel are more prone to PTSD due to the kind of training they undergo and the preparation before traumatic situations than the civilian population. However, as the study reveal, factors operating during and after trauma in an individual such as the severity of the trauma, lack of social support, and additional life stress predispose war veterans to stronger effects than the pretrauma factors. There is no price that can be placed on peace of mine. Compensation schemes for war veterans are always targeted for support and general sustainable life after service .War veterans hold a high esteem in society due to their dedication to serving the country and its people. If they are left on their own after retirement apart from their status, they are more likely to suffer PTSD more than the civilian population.
Foy, David W., et al. "Etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans: analysis of premilitary, military, and combat exposure influences."Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 52.1 (1984): 79.
Foy, D. W., Sipprelle, R. C., Rueger, D. B., & Carroll, E. M. (1984). Etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans: analysis of premilitary, military, and combat exposure influences. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 52(1), 79.
King, Lynda A., et al. "Resilience–recovery factors in post-traumatic stress disorder among female and male Vietnam veterans: Hardiness, postwar social support, and additional stressful life events." Journal of personality and social psychology 74.2 (1998): 420.
King, L. A., King, D. W., Fairbank, J. A., Keane, T. M., & Adams, G. A. (1998). Resilience–recovery factors in post-traumatic stress disorder among female and male Vietnam veterans: Hardiness, postwar social support, and additional stressful life events. Journal of personality and social psychology, 74(2), 420.
Using a 9-factor model, the author studied the interpersonal resource characteristics of hardiness, post war structural and functional support and negative life events I male and female veterans.
Women and men tend to react different to war scenarios. King’s paper appeals to logos and ethos. History has shown that men are more resilient and “hard” as compared to women. Exacerbated by lack of social, financial and moral support, women veterans faced increased risk for PTSD than their male counterparts (King, ..et al, 1998).
Work Cited
Brewin, Chris R., Bernice Andrews, and John D. Valentine. "Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults." Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 68.5 (2000): 748.
Foa, Edna B., Gail Steketee, and Barbara Olasov Rothbaum. "Behavioral/cognitive conceptualizations of post-traumatic stress disorder."Behavior therapy 20.2 (1989): 155-176.
Foy, David W., et al. "Etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans: analysis of premilitary, military, and combat exposure influences."Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 52.1 (1984): 79.
Jones, Margaret, et al. "The burden of psychological symptoms in UK Armed Forces." Occupational Medicine 56.5 (2006): 322-328.
Kang, Han K., et al. "Post-traumatic stress disorder and chronic fatigue syndrome-like illness among Gulf War veterans: a population-based survey of 30,000 veterans." American Journal of Epidemiology 157.2 (2003): 141-148.
King, Lynda A., et al. "Resilience–recovery factors in post-traumatic stress disorder among female and male Vietnam veterans: Hardiness, postwar social support, and additional stressful life events." Journal of personality and social psychology 74.2 (1998): 420.
