1) listening to a lecture in class, taking notes, and reviewing the notes later you study for an exam;
When a person is listening to a lecture in class, all of the information is going to enter into our ears so that it can be registered into our sensory memory. Then we are going to write down this information so that the can be bought into our short-term memory. Once all of this is done, it is important that we use the information in the exam. Therefore, you need to review all of your notes and try to memorize all of the information for the exam. Basically, the process of memorizing all of the information from the notes into our long-term memory is called rehearsal. This is because it is repeating the information from the notes over and over again in our head. It is important to be able hold on to all of this information in our brain. The retrieval process is how we are going to recall and remember all of the information from our long-term memory.
2) watching a scene in a James Bond movie in which Bond captures the female enemy agent whom he had slept with the night before. (chapter 5 )
When we are watching a scene from a James Bond movie that is capturing the female enemy agent, all of this information is going to enter into the eyes as a sensory memory. Once the female looks familiar to us, the control process of our memory in order to recall her face and remember that she was the one that James Bond slept with in the last scene. This is when the short term memory will be activated. All of the scenes that we had watched before are going to be stored in the short term memory. Most of this information is going to be lost eventually but some of it will be permanently stored in our long term memory. In this particular situation, we will have the ability to remember the basic details about the female that James Bond had slept with.
On page 160, we described the case of K.F., who had normal LTM but poor STM. What problem does K.F.'s condition pose for the modal model of memory? Can you think of a way to modify the model that would handle K.F.'s condition? ((chapter 6 )
There are some patients that have a short-term memory that functions who will not be able to form the long-term memories. The other patients might have a short-term memory but the long term memory might not be able to function properly. When both of these patients are able to establish a double dissociation with each other, it indicates that the short term memory and long term memory will be able to operate independently even when they are served by different types of mechanisms.
The patient K.F. is the one who has a normal long term memory but the short term memory is poor. The problem with the short term memory is indicated by the reduced by the number of digits that she could remember. Most of the time, the typical span that people can remember is between 5 and 8 digits, she was only able to remember 3 digits.
What do you remember about how you heard about the terrorists attacks of September 11, 2001 (or some other highly emotional event)? How confident are you that your memory of these events is accurate? Given the results of experiments on flashbulb memories described in this chapter, what do you think the chances are that your memories might be in error? Are there any ways that you could check the accuracy of your memories? (chapter 8)
In September of 2011, there the unfortunate incident of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center. It is etched in the minds of people from around the world. Therefore, the flash bulb memory is from E. Bruce Goldstein when he heard about the attack from his secretary in his office. He remembers that he thought it was a small plane that got on the wrong route. Then he called his wife to find out that one tower of the World Trade Center had been completely destroyed. After discussing the incident with their students, he canceled his cognitive psychology class. To him, he remembers the day very clearly. This particular incident was so memorable that it was really easy for a person to remember every detail about the day.
The researchers stated that a lot of people can remember the vivid details of the event that has been life altering to them. People might have a memory that stays in their mind like a photograph that is fading. This research is based on something that happened a long time ago like the assassination of John F. Kennedy. The researchers did not think about the fact that the memories might not be accurate. There is no way to figure out if the memories that were collected are actually what happened. Over time, there is a chance that these memories might be altered.
The repeated recall technique is the best way to check how accurate a memory is. After an emotional incident happens, the memory of the events will need to be recorded immediately. Then after some time has passed, there needs to be another recording of the memories. The difference in the time between the recordings could be in the form of weeks, months, or years. In order for the error rate to be calculated, the first set of memories should act like a reference.
Do a survey of family and friends to determine people's conception of "typical" members of various categories. For example, ask several people to name, as quickly as possible, three typical "birds" or "vehicles" or "beverages." What do the results of this survey tell you about what level is "basic" for different people? What do the results tell you about the variability of different people's conception of categories? (chapter 9)
Elinor Rosch proposed that a prototype of a category will be based on the members that have experienced common things. For example, for the category of birds, we typically see crows and sparrows. There is a basic level of categories that will be different for a different set of people. Basically, it is going to depend on the knowledge that the individual will have on that particular knowledge.
People often say things in an indirect way, but listeners can often still understand what they mean. See if you can detect these indirect statements in normal conversation. (Examples: "Do you want to turn left here?" to mean "I think you should turn left here;" "Is it cold in here?" to mean "Please close the window.” (chapter 11)
The way that people communicate is going to be different based on the individual. These differences might not always be because of a different language but it could also be because of different ideas and thoughts of the individual. The two basic types of communication is direct and indirect. When a person asks for what they want, need, or wish to happen, this is going to be known as direct communication. Therefore, an indirect communication is when a person states something or the wants of another person inside of a conversation in order to read the implications of a statement (Goldstein, 2010).
Describe a situation in which you made a poor decision because your judgment was clouded by emotion or some other fact. (chapter 12/13)
One situation that I can think of when I made a poor decision because my judgment was clouded by emotion is when I got angry and made a rash decision. Because I was angry about a situation with another friend and took it out on another friend. This caused me to lose this friendship that at one time was very valuable to me.
References:
Goldstein, E. Bruce. (2010). Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and
Everyday Experience. Cengage Learning: Boston, Massachusetts.
