Question 1: Primary Source
"Progress In Brazil-The Economiste Francais." Times [London, England] January 22, 1889. The Times Digital Archive. Accessed May 22, 2016.
http://ntserver1.wsulibs.wsu.edu:2164/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=pull21986&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=CS85512246&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0
Question 2: Annotated Bibliography
Andrews, George Reid. Blacks & Whites in São Paulo, Brazil, 1888-1988. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991.
Finkelman, Paul. “How the Civil War Changed the Constitution.” The New York Times, June 2, 2015. Accessed May 12, 2016.
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/06/02/how-the-civil-war-changed-the-constitution/
Before the emancipation of Brazilian slaves in 1888, the United States of America had already abolished slavery in 1865. Subsequently, the American societies witnessed the government’s attempt at assimilating persons of African descent as free citizens, equal to the whites. At the core of such efforts were the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth Amendments to the American Constitution that promoted racial and ethnic equality to aid the plight of African Americans. However, despite the federal government’s identification of black individuals as free, whites were not for the idea of ex-slaves possessing the same liberties as their previous masters. As a result, the social order that allowed the survival of the institution of slavery remained intact even after the Civil War. By extension, since the same situation was evident in Brazil, an understanding of the United States’ reaction to the abolition of slavery would aid in exploring the research question by providing the perfect emphasis on racial inequality as a legacy of slavery. In other words, just as it was in the United States, Brazil’s struggle with racial discrepancies was inevitable.
Jacobs, Charles. “Slavery in the 21st Century: Year In Review 2000.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Accessed May 12, 2016.
http://www.britannica.com/topic/Slavery-in-the-21st-Century-715992
More than a century after the ownership of humans as one would a piece of property became illegal in the world superpower countries, cases of slavery are still common. From the regions of Bangladesh to those in Brazil, and even in the United States, slavery was still a reality even in the twentieth century. Jacobs grounds his ideologies on the definition of slavery as a “forced labor for little or no pay under the threat of violence” (par.1). Accordingly, the use of humans as collateral in business dealings and human trafficking qualify as modern-day slavery. By that logic, while forced labor in plantations and other work sectors became illegal, other forms of enslavement emerged. Notably, they are perhaps worse than the traditional slave ownership as governments cannot control the same. Charles’ work provide insight into the survival of slavery after the Emancipation of enslaved black men and women in the nineteenth century. As opposed to the moral questions that plagued the subject in the initial abolition movements in Britain, lack of awareness provides stronger foundations for the observable extension of slaveholding traditions.
"Progress In Brazil-The Economiste Francais." Times [London, England] January 22, 1889. The Times Digital Archive. Accessed May 22, 2016.
http://ntserver1.wsulibs.wsu.edu:2164/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=pull21986&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=CS85512246&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0
The newspaper article focuses on the immediate results of the abolition of slavery in Brazil. Apparently, the end of slavery did not necessarily mean an end to British control because immigration of Britons remained intact. In fact, as the unknown author writes, immigration rates were on the rise in the years after the abolition of slavery in Brazil. The newcomers sought lands and riches in the region and for that reason, alienated the inhabitants socio-economically. Now, while the slavery system was at play, British citizens remained in the mother country as slave labor in sugar plantations benefited their persons from afar. However, once abolition came into play, it became necessary for the whites to access the riches personally. Therefore, slavery did not mean an end to relations between the whites and blacks; it merely indicated a change in the dimensions of their interrelations.
Scott, Rebecca. The Abolition of Slavery and the Aftermath of Emancipation in Brazil. Durham: Duke University Press, 1988.
Based on the emancipation of slaves in 1888, the text details the freeing of Brazilian slaves through the “Golden Law.” Brazil was the last country to embrace the civilization that came with the complete abolition of slavery. Now, as the author reckons, despite the fact that freedom for the enslaved persons marks a significant mark in Brazilian history, it does not mean that it changed the social norms of the country. The issue of racial affiliation remained a definitive factor in the allocation of wealth status in society. The advantages of using this source in the proposed research topic revolve around the author’s use of different articles to deliver a thesis. In other words, Brazil required more than the legislative recognition of emancipation for blacks to have a change but just as in the United States, traditions proved too strong for the achievement of equality.
Soares Glaucio Ary Dillon and Nelson do Valle Silva. "Urbanization, Race, and Class in Brazilian Politics." Latin American Research Review 22, no. 2 (1987): 155-176. Accessed May 19, 2016. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2503489
The article provides an analysis of the connection between politics and one’s social and economic statuses by focusing on the Brazilian elections of 1982. In the authors’ words, “urbanization, social class, and party organization[s]” dominated the political dynamics of Brazil as “race and metropolitization” governed the political affiliations of the people (156). Apparently, by the elections of 1982 the mentioned perceptions were present in the minds of voters. Now, the work focuses on the 1982 State elections of Rio de Janeiro, two years after the required time limit of the research. Still, it is an assumption that the period leading up to the elections fall within the target years of the research and for that reason alone, the article in question is eligible. To that end, while the previous works merely hint on the political infrastructure of Brazil by the twentieth century, none of them give a detailed description of the same. Dillon and Silva remedy that by just writing on a State election.
Welch, Cliff. "Globalization and the Transformation of Work in Rural Brazil: Agribusiness, Rural Labor Unions, and Peasant Mobilization." International Labor and Working-Class History 70 (2006): 35-60. Accessed May 19, 2016. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27673047.
Apparently, the economy of Brazil has been subject to “pressures” that went on to define the “means of production in the country and affect the people. Welch recognizes the insistence placed upon the history of the country where the abolition of slavery is at the foundations of the economy in the country. However, by the mid-twentieth century, the end of the Second World War and the beginning of the Cold War introduced new conflicts to the country’s state of affairs from the local to national levels. Hence, Welch’s writing provides the summation of this research by hinting on the alternative causes of racial inequality in Brazil. The involvement of the Americans as part of communism containment efforts compromised the true freedom of blacks. White supremacy was already a dominating factor in the United States, and consumerism America was no different.
Question 3: Research Question to Hypothesis
After the abolition of Brazilian slavery, the white communities in the country upheld a social order grounded on colored inferiority by dominating the political, economic, and social ideas.
