What is oncology?
Oncology is a division of science that involves the study of cancer and tumors. Cancer is the rapid abnormal growth of body cells that grows beyond their expected normal boundaries, and which can attack adjoining body parts and spread to other organs. This process is called metastasis, which is the leading cause of oncology deaths (Tomlinson, 2010). There are different types of cancer. They include lung, stomach, breast, liver and colon cancer. Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide accounting for approximately 13% of deaths nationally. The greatest common kind of cancer differs according to gender.
Approximately 30% of oncology deaths are because of five leading deities and behavioral risks. They include; low intake of fruits and vegetable, large body weight, use of drugs like alcohol and tobacco and lack of physical exercises. Usage of tobacco accounts for the largest percentage of cancers by approximately 22% and 71% of cancer demises. It is anticipated that cancer deaths will increase in future. About seventy percent of cancer deaths emerged in countries with low and middle income level.
Causes of Oncology
Cancer emerges from a single body cell. The change from a normal cell to a polyp is a multistage process typically an advanced from a precancerous abrasion to malicious tumors (Ferrell, 2010). These changes are the results of the relations of people’s genetic factors and some categories of outside factors including; physical carcinogens such as ionizing and ultraviolet radiations, biochemical carcinogens like infections from various parasites, virus and bacteria, chemical mixtures such as tobacco smoke components asbestos, drinking water contamination and affiliation.
Old age is another essential root of malignant development. This is due to intensification in risks for specific cancer that age growth. The widespread menace collecting is brought together with the predisposition of cellular repair appliance to be less effective as a person grows old.
Risk Factors for Cancer
Use of tobacco, alcohol, taking of unhealthy diet and lack of physical exercise are the major cancer risk factors in the world. Prolonged infections from hepatitis B, virus of hepatitis C and human papilloma virus are the major causes of cancer in low and middle-income countries (Tomlinson, 2010). The Human papilloma virus normally causes cervical tumors. A tumor is the noticeable basis of oncology deaths to women, and it is explanations for the most deaths of women in those countries.
How to Reduce the Cancer Burden
Cancer can be controlled and reduced by putting in place evidence based approaches for cancer prevention, early identification of cancer and managing patients with cancer (Ferrell, 2010). There are high possibilities of cancer cure if detected in early stages and adequately treated.
Prevention strategies;
Increase in avoidance of tobacco and alcohol use, consuming diets with high fruits and vegetable intake and avoiding indoor smoke from household use of solid fuel.
Being immunized against hepatitis B and Human papilloma virus
Control occupational exposures
Early Detection of Cancer
There are two mechanisms of early discovery efforts. They involve early identification and screening.
Early diagnosis helps with early awareness of signs and symptoms to treat them before the ailment becomes advanced. These types of early diagnosis program are relevant in low resource setting where there are the majority of people diagnosed in very late stages and where screening does not exist.
Screening is the systematic application of a test in and a symptomatic population. Its aim is to bring out individuals with abnormal suspected over specific cancer and refer them for diagnosis and cure (Tomlinson, 2010). Screening programmers are operative for cancer types that are common, for which a cost effective accessible, acceptable, and affordable screening type is available to most people in a population at a risk
ONCOLOGY DIAGONISTIC TOOLS
The most relevant tool used in diagnosing cancer is by using clinical history of patients (Ferrell, 2010). The corporate sign showing towards cancer is; weight loss, fever, and anemia. Oncology is needful on analytical apparatuses like removal of bits of lumpy tissues. Other apparatuses that can be used consist of; ultrasound, CT perusing and other radiological techniques. The common method is the blood test for biological and swelling maker. Growth in these makers is symbolic of cancer existence. The oncologist is liable to follow up the patient once completion of the first analysis and detect reversion and remissions.
Palliative Care
This is the treatment to relieve rather than to cure the symptoms brought along by cancer. Comforting care can aid the patient live more comfortably. This is most suitable in places with a high proportion of patients who are in the advance stage and there is little chance of cure. Relieve from spiritual psychosocial and physical problems can be achieved in patients with advanced cancer through palliative care.
Operational public health tactics comprising of home based and community care are essential to reduce the pain and palliative care for patients and families in low earnings settings. Contact to verbal morphine is essential to treatment.
Oncology death in dying in nursing is a relevant topic of research since it helps us identify and establish the causes and appropriate way to prevent or cure cancer which is turning out to be one of the major killer diseases worldwide. Through the study of oncology deaths and dying in nursing it is important to site that use of tobacco, not taking good diet and lack of physical exercises are the major external origins of cancer. Regular examinations to detect any existence of cancer and palliative care to those patients that are in advanced stage are very important.
References
Ferrell, B. R., & Coyle, N. (2010). Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. Oxford: Oxford
Tomlinson, D., & Kline, N. E. (2010). Pediatric oncology nursing: Advanced clinical handbook.
Heidelberg: Springer.
