Truth and Value
Form and Function:
Form denotes the physical appearance of objects in question. Elements of mass shape and size determine the essence of form. A function revolves around the actions that the object performs. It is more content based and message oriented. The form determines the function of an object.
Philosophical Functionalism:
The function of an object created the philosophical premise of functionalism. It refers to the theory of mind taking into account the mental states and beliefs. This premise derives a link between the hypothetical plane and the behavioral production.
The difference between functionalism, behaviorism, and dualism emerges from its derivative origin. The chief concern of functionalism dwells on the appropriate role of the mind. This role utilizes the form, which appears in through abstract organizations. Dualism focuses more on independent mental maxims in relation to bodily matter while behaviorism singly targets the physical allures.
Philosophical Naturalism:
Naturalism, on the other hand, dwells on the natural laws and their universal influences. According to Paul Kurtz, the most controversial proposition of this school of thought claims that the natural universe is the only influence source. Other elements that do not acknowledge this do not have direct power on universal states.
"Is-ought fallacy exemplified:
Fallacies exist in the realms of philosophy. One common fallacious act is the “is-ought fallacy.” An individual commits this act when one tends to claims that because an object “is” then it ought to be. This proposition is majorly common among inconceivable claims.
Universality versus relativism debate:
A controversy has existed over the two premises of universality and relativism. Relativism tends to restrict truths and valid statements to certain contextual relations. For instance, it asserts that no absolute truth exists. It is akin to a particular referential framework like a community. Universality on the other hand attaches universalism to facts. A major repository structure that denotes this fact is the Declaration of Rights.
The Correspondence and the Coherence theories of truth:
Truth theories have certain connotation that intrigues the rationale of truth finding. The difference between the two major theories arises from the relative supposition within a truth claim. The correspondence theory claims that truth must always correspond to reality to hold any valid stand. Ideally, it must establish a corresponding picture to the world phenomenon if it is to qualify as truth. However, the coherence theory advances the fitting description to our beliefs. It assumes that certain truths exist in the world as large trunks. The requirement is that our systems of truths must align itself to these large complex mazes in order to qualify as truths.
Thomas and Philosophical science:
Philosophy of science has had remarkable from a variety of philosophers including Thomas Kuhn. He had immense contributions to the history of science. He postulated a non-cumulative approach of the philosophical history of science. He acknowledges the presence of rejected theories and terms them as products of rational minds. His assertions pose questions as to why scientists accept new theories and trash other rival theories. This is particularly important today in determining the truth behind certain theories and hypotheses.
Value theory and Objectification:
Axiology targets the understanding that emerges from value based on the context and referential allures of humanity. Value is the quality of an object that satisfies an individual. A dominant problem that emerges from this comprehension lies on the types of values that exist. Philosophically, values tend to occur materially, spiritually or intrinsically. Certain conflicts arise from these spheres of values that erode the true belief of a value.
The concept of reification and objectification bears much relevance to axiology. Reification attaches concrete features to an abstract phenomenon. This is the essence of objectification. For instance, humanity has objectified animals, and they tend to be impersonal in treatment of animals.
Philosophy of mind:
The alternative to all these is philosophy of the mind. This philosophical branch studies mental events and the linkages to physical bodily form. The mental processes that determine this occurrences influences behavior like the objectification criterion.
Cognitive science and philosophy:
Cognitively, science is revolves around the study of mental procedures and the mechanics of intelligence within the horizons of human actions. It incorporates philosophy in acknowledging the neurological precincts of logic and psychology.
Decade of the Brain and the 1990s:
This concept emerged from the presidential declaration to bolster scientific intrusions into the neurological confines of the brain. The most credible projections in this decade witnessed immense brains projects and papers all interested in the dividing cells of the mind.
Reference
Wilcox, John T. Truth and Value in Nietzsche: A Study of His Metaethics and Epistemology. Washington, DC: Univ. Press of America, 1982. Print.
Allan, George, and Merle F. Allshouse. Nature, Truth, and Value: Exploring the Thinking of Frederick Ferré. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2005. Print.
