The agenda for population and development seeks to establish the knowledge of how population and social, economic, and environmental change relate to each other (Finkle, Jason, and McIntosh, 1995). By so doing, a forum for discussion of the related matters is created. Population and development exercise is the enhancement of personal opportunity and freedom. It’s inherent in member states of the United Nations to attain universal human rights and dignity for their citizens (Martínez, Rodrigo, and Andrés, 2007). It’s a representation of aspirations of the governments to ensure that all individuals are free from fear, are provided with the equal opportunity and participate fully in the society to enjoy their well-being (Hall, Gillette, and Harry 2012).
This assignment is aimed at producing and commenting on the state and evolution of population indicators for Peru and Bolivia, Latin American countries. The two countries have differences in income; Peru is an upper-middle income earning state whereas Bolivia is a lower-middle income earning state. Development indicators according to World Bank are collected from lines of genders statistics, education statistics, and educational abilities among other aspects. Peru, an upper-middle level state according to World Bank indicates the following developments in 2015: its gross enrollment ratio, primary in both sexes records at 102%; carbon dioxide is at 1.8 metric tons per capita. Peru has 22.7% of poverty per the whole population. Poverty has reduced compared to 23.9%, 25.8%, 27.8%, and 30.8% in the last four previous years in that order. The life expectant is 74 years; GNI is kept at US$ 6,360 with a 93.3 overall level of statistical capacity.
The global economic prospects forecast major macroeconomic indicators of Peru, including commodity and financial markets. In 2015, the Peru’s GDP was 2.7 percent, in 2016 the GDP has increased by 3.3 percent. It’s assumed that it will be 4.5 % and 4.6% in 2017 and 2018 respectively. The World Bank proves that more than ten-thousand projects have been accomplished since 1947. Also, the country has $3.629 billion of IBRD loans which majority of it is the original principal amount.
Being a lower-medium income earning state, Bolivia’s development indicators are considerably weaker compared to Peru’s. Her gross enrollment is estimated to be 91% in both sexes. The level of carbon dioxide emission is rated at 1.6 metric tons per capita. The poverty headcount ratio at the national lines is leveled at 39.1% compared to 43.4%, 45.0%, 51.3% and 57.3% in the four previous years. Bolivia’s GNI per capital is rated at US$ 2,870 with 78.9 overall level of statistical capacity. Using these development indicators to analyze the economy of the two Latin American states, it is valid to say that Bolivia is among the developing type of a nation. Peru is past middle developing; perhaps its economy is growing.
Unlike Peru, Bolivia’s GDP is found to reduce as forecasted by the global economic prospects. In 2015, the country’s GDP was 4.0%, in 2016, the GDP is valued at 3.5% in the preceding years, and the GDP is forecasted at 3.4%. Like the Peru, Bolivia has finished more than 10,000 projects from 1947 to date. Bolivia has summed up a total of US$100.2 million in IBRD Loans ad a US$692.0 million on IDA credits. According to the international database, Peru’s demographic information are represented in intervals of ten years from 1995 up to 2025. In 2005, the country’s midyear population was 27.442 million people with 1.1% growth percentage, in 2015 the population was 30.445 million people with a 1.0% growth rate. In 2005, total births of 574,000 was recorded with a total fertility rate, that is, births per woman rated at 2.2, 557,000 is recorded with a total fertility rate at 2.2; crude births are rated at 21,000 and 18,000 in 2005 and 2015 respectively.
In 2005, the country had a high life expectant of 71years; the infant mortality rate was estimated at 27 per every 1,000 births with 36 per 1000 births under-five year mortality rate to infants. Crude deaths were estimated at 6 per 1000 individuals and total deaths in the year were estimated at 162,000 people. In 2015, Peru had a higher life expectant of 73 years; the infant mortality rate was estimated at 20 per every 1,000 births with 25 per 1000 births under-five year mortality rate of infants. Crude deaths were estimated at 6 per a population per 1000 individuals and total deaths in the year were estimated 183,000 people. Migration is associated with a negative nature whereby the net migration rate was -4 and -3 per 1,000 population in 2005 and 2015 respectively; the net number of migrants was -102,000 people in 2005 and -77,000 in 2015.
Bolivia shows similar demographic indicators as the international data base shows. In 2005, Olivia registered a midyear population of 9.073 million people with 2.0% growth rate. In 2015, an improved figure of 10.801 million midyear population and a reduced growth rate of 1.6% were registered. In 2005, total births of 257,000 were recorded accompanied by 28 per 1000 crude birth rate and a total fertility rate of 3.6. In 2015, the total birth was recorded at 246,000; the crude birth rate was recorded at 23 per 1000 and the total fertility rate reduced to 2.7 births per woman.
In 2005, Bolivia had a life expectant of 66 years; the infant mortality rate was estimated at 50 per every 1,000 births with 65 per 1000 births under-five year mortality rate for infants. Crude deaths were estimated at 8 per 1000 individuals and total deaths in the year were estimated at 68,000 people. In 2015, Bolivia had a higher life expectant of 69 years; the infant mortality rate was estimated at 48 per every 1,000 births with 25 per 1000 births under-five year mortality rate of infants. Crude deaths were estimated at 8 per a population per 1000 individuals and total deaths in the year raised to 70,000 people. Similar to Peru, the migration was associated with a negative nature whereby the net migration rate was -1 per 1,000 population in both 2005 and 2015; the net number of migrants was -12,000 people in 2005 and -11,000 in 2015.
Comparing the demographic data of the two Latin American states, it is obvious that an upper-medium developed nation will have a considerably higher level of living standards than a lower-medium development nation (Molyneux, Maxine, and Sian, 2003). This directly translates to a higher life expectance to the citizens, lower migration rate of its citizens, lower infant mortality, and low rate of births as well higher fertility rates in Peru compared to Bolivia. For instance, in 2015 Peru’s midyear population was 30.445 million people compared to 10.801 million people in Bolivia. In the same year, the birth rate in Peru was 574,000 compared to Bolivia’s 246,000, a double higher. The infant mortality rate in Bolivia was 36 per 1000 births compared to 20 per 1000 births in Peru. This variation in demographic indicators indicates the variation caused by differences in the economic status of a nation.
Finally, demographic data, population indicators for that matter describes the status of a nation, that is, whether a developed country, developing or even underdeveloped. Developed nations have distinct demographic indicators from the developing and underdeveloped ones. In Bolivia, for example, a lower-middle income nation, the nation’s economy is not as strong as the Peru’s. Citizens have a little income meaning that the level of poverty is high. Characteristics associated with poverty are evident in Bolivia compared to Peru. The World Bank information is real as it describes the economies of all the member nations of the United Nations (World Development Indicators 2005). Therefore, the indicators used in the assignment justify that Peru is an upper-middle income nation whereas Bolivia is a lower-middle income nation.
Work cited
Finkle, Jason L, and C A. McIntosh. The New Politics of Population: Conflict and Consensus in Family Planning. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Print.
Hall, Gillette, and Harry A. Patrinos. Indigenous Peoples, Poverty, and Development. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Print.
Martínez, Rodrigo, and Andrés Fernández. Model for Analysing the Social and Economic Impact of Child Undernutrition in Latin America. Santiago de Chile: Naciones Unidas, Social Development Division, 2007. Print.
Molyneux, Maxine, and Sian Lazar. Doing the Rights Thing: Rights-based Development and Latin American NGOs. London: ITDG Publishing, 2003. Print.
World Development Indicators. Washington, D.C: The World Bank, 2005. Print.
