The public health model is made up of three levels. The bottom is the Primary/Universal section covering programs that look after the entire population in order to provide support and education before problems happen (Taylor & Francis, slide 10). An example is sex education in high schools. The middle level is Secondary programing, focuses on identifying health problems in families before the problem increases in intensity (Taylor & Francis, slide 11). An example is the breakfast programs at schools The top Tertiary level provides interventions for children experiencing maltreatment (Taylor & Francis, slide 12). An example is when social services identifying physical abuse of a child in a home.
Jacobs (1961) The Death and Life of the Great American Cities focused on urban decay. He argued that by allowing urban and social environments to deteriorate, a direct correlation can be made between this decay and crime and deviance (Taylor & Francis, slide 5). An example is the “broken window” theory. Jeffery’s (1971) Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design posits that by making sure environmental cues are not available, then perpetrators will not be incited to cause harm (Taylor & Francis, slide 5). A good example of this is graffiti. Newman (1972) Defensive Space: People and Design in the Violent City suggested architects of cities design space to be territorial and protected through surveillance (Taylor & Francis, slide 6). I find Jeffery’s concept to be most influential because he took Jacob’s observations and made them a reality.
I believe while Jacobs’ ideas were just that, ideas, it was Jeffery’s that make an actionable, tangible plan to be implemented. As for Newman, he only continued on Jeffery’s plan to help it work and not make the major impact that Jeffery’s plan did.
I agree with the comment. I still argue Jeffery’s plan is the foundation to change, and see Newman’s as the cherry on top. While Jeffery plan builds the new “safer” community, Newman maintains the status quo of that “safeness.” By combining these two ideas together it creates and maintains a “cohesive community” for which the community at-large is able to feel safe in.
References
Taylor & Francis. (2016). Chapter 2: Crime Prevention. [PPT presentation].
