Morton Grodzins, The American System as a Single Mechanism, 1966
THESIS
In the view of author, the US government is involved in complexity due to the involvement of all three layers of government in all the functions. The three layers are working or functioning with unclear or undistinguished roles. The division of authorities and responsibilities among all the tree levels is the main issue in the US system. In the author’s opinion, governments have to appropriately divide the authorities and responsibilities among all the three layers to avoid overlapping of functions.
The great number of governments does cover complication of activities. Distribution is not appropriately administrated amongst them. If these are reviewed specifically, it gives the impression that more or less all governments are involved in nearly all the functions. (233)
Some times classic errors are the result of classic work. (235)
The organization of United States government is disorganized. (233)
This article is extremely significant in understanding the misapprehension of functions distribution among the federal, state and local governments of the US. Functions will be obviously alienated after understanding the idea and view point of the author. The Morton’s findings and thoughts regarding the contribution of all the three layers of governments of US are highly significant for dividing the responsibilities and authorities accurately among all the layers of government in US.
Deil S. Wright, Federalism, Intergovernmental Relations, and Intergovernmental Management: Historical Reflections and Conceptual Comparisons, 1990
THESIS
History promotes but it in no way orders and nor forces people to try for what it edifies. (517)
The intertwining of federal self-government and local self-government is comparatively a latest development in US. (517)
The ending of federalism in US at least is freedom and the ending of managerialism at least is competency. (521)
This article can play a significant role in developing a framework for the US government to overcome its issues regarding the division of authorities and responsibilities among all the layers of government. The author’s opinion about the contribution management of all the three layers of government is considerable to make a proper system of government functions for public administration. The system of public administration will be more affective when all the layers of government will work with its distinguished individuality. The application of intergovernmental relations and intergovernmental management can make a considerable difference in the improvement of public administration.
Frederick C. Mosher and Others, Watergate: Implications for Responsible Government, 1974
THESIS
This article is written with the purpose of analyzing the report that was made by Senate Watergate Committee and sponsored by the National Academy of Public Administration. The article is written with the purpose of understanding the main points of report that can bring a considerable change in the political and legal system of America. In the Light of this report the public administrators are not universally right personalities that can have only perfect perception regarding the issues of political and legal system. They conduct a research and analyze the environment and provide a logical program to face the issues of political and legal arena. The main consideration of article is the area of public administration. This article also emphasizes on the authorities and decision making power of governmental authorities and government officials. In the author’s view and according to the recommendations of report there are many changes are required in the decision making authority of government officials of different departments. At some places the authorities should be strengthen and at some places the authorities should restricted to balance the involvement of government officials in a single project.
Behind both political and administrative activities the major motivating drive seems the Presidential power, its growth, its utilization and its continuation. (345)
A democratic government should not be considered as a family business, dominated by the head of the family; nor is it a company which is executing by military or a political campaign headquarters. (348)
There is no full proof device whereby proper ethics of public administrators and the public interest could be guaranteed, and whereby the ethics of public officers assured, and whereby the ethics of public administrators could be forced. (349)
This article is providing the ground for understanding the importance of imposing restrictions on the authorities of government officials and also on strengthens the positions and authority of government officials where necessary. The change will stabilize all the governmental authorities in their defined areas and the resources will be efficiently used by the elimination of extra involvement of governmental authorities on a similar projects or functions. This change will be able to enhance the overall political and legal system of American government. The article is specially written in the consideration of making changes in the public administration sector.
Dennis F. Thompson, The Possibility of Administrative Ethics, 1985
THESIS
The article is written to provide the suggestions to the public administration system of US government. In the view of author both the methods the ‘Ethic of neutrality’ and the ‘Ethic of structure’ for measuring the element of morality in the decision making for public administration are not generating the best fit outcomes. The best fit outcomes are those who will give the maximum benefit to the maximum number of people. The author suggested an enhanced solution of developing an ‘Administrative Ethics’ for generating the best fit outcomes. Administrative ethics will provide appropriate guidelines at the time of making a decision for public welfare. Welfare of maximum people will be the priority of this policy. Author believes that Administrative Ethics policy is a way to bring appropriate moral judgments for public welfare in political and legal system of US.
The administrative ethics is completely addressed the challenge of those individuals who believe that morality is perfect possible only in personal life and denies its possibility in organizational life. (459)
Sometimes the correspondence is strained between official disobedience and civil disobedience. (462)
The significant duty, regarding disobedience with the other forms of disagreement, is to make the standards that could facilitate to determine when each is justified in different circumstances. (463)
This article is very important for bringing the element of morality in the decision making of political and legal system of US. The suggested policy seems very appropriate for understanding the importance of morality while making a decision that would impact a great number of people in the society. The implementation of the Administrative policy can create a very positive impact on the welfare of public. The consideration of morality in decision making of public administrators will be highly beneficial for public of US.
