Abstract
This essay is focused on reproductive diseases, which are considered to be conditions affecting both male and female individuals. Congenital anomaly, to be specific, is a kidney disease which entails absence, hypoplasia or the presence of fluid or semisolid-filled sacs, known as cysts. Cysts can lead to urinary obstructive symptoms through local pressure. Severe penis anomalies are rare and are normally related to urinary or various other systematic defects. Even though there are no specific cases reported in the State of Florida, various reports have been filed in United States, Canada, among Asian Americans and Native Americans, in Russia and Central Asia.
Reproductive diseases are conditions affecting the male and female reproductive systems such as conception and pregnancy outcomes. They are such as hormone production through the ovaries, the testes or endocrine glands which include adrenals, thyroid or pituitary. A similar disease can be caused by genetic or congenital abnormalities, tumors, infection or disorder or unknown cause (Anway et al., 2005). The reproductive system diseases are especially important to look into because they affect healthy people and the consequences extend to their families. Unlike other health conditions, reproductive problems have effects on mothers, infants, and other family members.
In the male, congenital anomalies of the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland are rare; they entail absence, hypoplasia or the presence of fluid or semisolid-filled sacs, known as cysts (Song & Yosypiv, 2011). Cysts found in the prostatic utricle (remnant of the uterine found in the male) are normally found in relation to advanced hypospadias a defect in the urethra as well as pseudohermaphroditism a situation where sex glands are available, but the appearance of the body is ambiguous similar to sex, for example, the secondary sexual features are not well developed. Cysts can additionally lead to urinary obstructive symptoms via local pressure on the neck of the bladder.
Severe penis anomalies are rare and are normally related to urinary or various other systematic defects which are not compatible with normal life. Anomalies are the ones of absence torsion, twisting, as well as penis duplication. An unusually large penis is often seen in males who have precocious, dwarfism, puberty adrenal tumor and an overactive pituitary. Smaller penises are seen in infantilism and immature genitals as well as the pineal gland or the undersection of the pituitary. In addition, rare cases are often observed in the failure of corpora cavernosa development –erectile tissues found around the dorsal side of the penis.
The only foreskin anomaly is identified as the congenital phimosis, which is characterized by the contracture of the skin, or prepuce that prevents glan retraction; the preputial opening can impede urine flow. This disease is treated through circumcision. There are various urethral anomalies. Contraction of the meatus is a common, yet congenital stricture of the urethra normally takes place at that point.
Valves across the anterior or posterior part of the urethra can lead to congenital obstruction of the urethra in males. A posterior urethral value is common compared to anterior valves and entails a deep fold of mucous membrane, normally paper-thing and attached at a single end of the verumontanum, a tiny preeminence in the back wall of the urethra part surrounded by the prostate gland (Hwang et al., 2014). In case it is too tight, the valves can obstruct the urethra and damage the kidney.
Based on World Health Organization (2004) data from 36 countries from various continents, overall case reports reduced on an average of 68.8 percent, but infant mortality attributable to congenital anomalies reduced only by 33.4 percent. Data from the United States and Canada, however, shows that deaths caused by major congenital anomalies reduced significantly over the last several years, but congenital disabilities remain the cause of infant death and additionally account for almost 20 percent of every infant death in these countries. Even though there are no specific cases reported in the State of Florida, different cases have been reported among Asian Americans and Native Americans, in Russia and Central Asia as well as congenital disabilities. A recent report concluded that the overall relative risk of mortality was high in children.
References
Anway, M. D., Cupp, A. S., Uzumcu, M., & Skinner, M. K. (2005). Epigenetic transgenerational actions of endocrine disruptors and male fertility. Science, 308(5727), 1466-1469.
Song, R., & Yosypiv, I. V. (2011). Genetics of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. Pediatric Nephrology, 26(3), 353-364.
World Health Organization. (2004). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (Vol. 1). World Health Organization.
Hwang, D. Y., Dworschak, G. C., Kohl, S., Saisawat, P., Vivante, A., Hilger, A. C., & Tasic, V. (2014). Mutations in 12 known dominant disease-causing genes clarify many congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. Kidney international, 85(6), 1429-1433.
