Introduction
Memory is a multidimensional process that incorporates encoding, storage and retrieval of information. Each of the aspects of memory mentioned above are constituted by many sub-tasks that involve different elements of the human body. In the first aspect, which is encoding reception and processing of information is pertinent. These two processes ensure that the information is converted to a format that is clear to the brain. Storage involves preservation of information in retrievable records. Moreover, the process of retrieval is pertinent in explicit or implicit recollection of records.
The components of the memory system are aligned to ensure appropriate flow of information. The sensory input must be well equipped to convert the input into a format recognized by the memory system. The encoding process depends on the sensory input. Visual encoding is done for information that is in pictorial representations. Acoustic encoding is performed for different types of sound messages. On the other hand, information containing an inherent meaning is converted using semantic encoding. Rehearsal of some information regardless of the initial formation of the information is a verbal encoding process that is instrumental in short term memory. This aspect of the memory system plays a significant role in enhancing the ability to interact and relate (Randall 24).
Memory storage
Memory storage can be broadly classified as short term and long term. Each of the categories plays a critical role in the functionality of other body organs. In short, term memory the acoustic encoding is highly applicable since it involves recollection of records within a short period. Moreover, the capacity that can be handled at instance is pertinent in definition of memory storage. Long-term memory utilizes semantic encoding in many instances allowing information to be available over a long time. The changes in neural connections play a central role in long-term memory. The long-term memory is mostly outside the consciousness of a being.
Memory retrieval
Recollection of information from record is the process known as memory retrieval. In memory retrieval the difference between long-term memory and short-term memory are apparent. Short-term memory retrieval involves sequential recall. This implies that events and items in a list are recalled in the order of occurrence in the original sensory input. On the other hand, long-term memory is recalled through association. The capacity of the long-term memory store is large and requires connecting the links to identify the necessary information (Schacter 48).
Human memory
Multiple models have been used to elaborate the human memory. Atkinson & Shiffrin model inception stage involves environmental input. The input triggers different sensory organs that are part of the body. The functionality of the organs is enhanced by presence of sensory registers. The registers can be broadly categorized into hepatic, visual and auditory. The model further elaborates the existence of both short-term and long-term memory. The short-term store provides a platform for multiple control process in the body. On the other hand, the long-term store is responsible for permanent records (Myers 66).
Another pertinent model is the working memory model otherwise known as the Baddeley and Hitch model. The first component of the model is the visual-spatial sketchpad. This component is prone to interruptions that include other visual activities. The second component is the central executive that provides attentiveness. The third component is the phonological loop that provides feedback to the memory system. Moreover, the loop store temporary any spoken information for less than two seconds. It is pertinent to note that the loop only deals with audio information. The central executive has an authority over other subsidiary systems. The credibility of the model has been on the firing line of some critics over the years. However, patients suffering from mental impairment are a prove of the postulates of the working memory model (Kalat 43).
Memory failure
There are multiple theories used to explain the phenomenon of forgetting. These theories elaborate the process of information loss. According to the decay theory, information is lost over time. This implies that time is a factor in the information contained within in memory storage. However, this applies for short-term memory with long-term memory being independent of time.
Another key theory is the interference theory which explains that past information is lost if new information is acquired that contradicts the past. The interference can be either proactive or retroactive. Motivated forgetting involves intentional blockage of information. Retrieval decadences also contribute to forgetting. This is where the access of information store is faced with multiple challenges. However, through effective association the long-term memory can be accessed.
Conclusion
The foundational processes of memory include encoding storage and retrieval. The loss of memory, which occurs at any of the three levels, results to deficiencies in the functionalities of memory. The different models are instrumental in providing an insight in the memory system. Moreover, the role of sensory organs in the initial stages of memory acquisition determines the encoding process to be used.
Works Cited
Kalat, James W. Introduction to psychology: with InfoTrac. 8th ed. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth ;, 2009. Print.
Myers, David G.. Psychology. 7th ed. New York: Worth Publishers, 2004. Print.
Randall, Mick. Memory, psychology and second language learning. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub., 2007. Print.
Schacter, Daniel L.. The seven sins of memory: how the mind forgets and remembers. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001. Print.
