Electronic spectroscopy is divided into two: Ultraviolet and Spectroscopy. Electronic spectroscopy is the earliest method of molecular spectroscopy and includes a phenomenon of interaction of molecules with ultra violet lights and visible lights. Absorption of photo results on electronic transition of molecules and electrons are promoted form ground state to higher electronic states. In the display of strata, spectra take the forms of horizontal scales, vertical scales, Ultra violet rays, and ORD. All the scales taken use wavelengths. Electronic spectra originated from the absorption of light photons by molecule results in electronic excitation of molecules with chromospheres. The electronic transition involves the promotion of electrons by electronic ground state to a higher state and involves molecules called HOMO and LUMO. The HOMO is an acronym for Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital while LUMO stands for Lowest Unoccupied Molcular Orbital. Electronic transition usually originates from valence electrons in a chromosphere such as non-bonding electrons in unsaturated function (Hitachi Spectrophotometer, 2012).
Spectroscopy refers to the study of interaction connecting matter and radiated energy. Spectroscopy originated from scientists exploration of the connection between visible light dispersed depending on the wavelength. As the study developed the concept expanded to include interaction between the relationship between radioactive energy because of its wavelength and frequency. Spectroscopic data is highlighted by a spectrum. Spectrometry refers to the measurement of radiation intensity as a function of wavelength often used to describe experimental spectroscopic methods. Daily usage of color can be related to spectroscopy. For example, neon lighting is an example of atomic spectroscopy. This paper examines the relationship between neon lights and optical spectroscopy (Accept Group, 2012).
Light beam has three stages in its life. These stages include when the light is created, when it travels through space, and when the lights wavelength diminishes as it is destroyed. The destruction of light as a result of the lights interaction with matter. Sobin, (1977) reported that the relations of light and electrons that creates and destroys light. To simply the study of light, we examine the photons of light because of their simplicity of study, easy description, and visualization. In matter, electrons occupy different energy levels. If electrons are raised to higher energies through the absorption of energy of photons, light is destroyed. However, if electrons’ energy is lowered through giving off photons, light is created (Accept Group, 2012).
Theory
The theory of resonance and resonance frequency is mostly used in the explanation of spectroscopy. Pendulums were the first aspects of mechanics where the theory of resonance was applied. Under this theory, vibration and oscillation of mechanical systems leads to large amplitude when driven under their own resonant frequency. When amplitude is contrasted with excitation, the peak will be realized at the resonance frequency. This leads to development of a spectrum with a peak called spectral line. Quantum mechanical systems have the corresponding resonance couple with two mechanical stationary states of one system. These two states could be an atom and photon. The doubling of the two states becomes strong when the energy of the sources corresponds with the differences between the two states (Tkachenko, 2006).
In life, electrons are held in places that require a boost in energy for their removal. Negatively charged electrons atoms hold positively charged protons. The quantum theory states, “that electrons are bound by the atom with fixed energies that are usually the binding energy. Semi conductor elements such as silicons have a binding energy for the innermost electrons which are about 2000 electrons volts (-ve). Given this amount of voltage, energy of about 1.839 keV is required to be distributed to the innermost electron to remove the energy from the silicon atom. Solid silicon shares the outer electrons between atoms. The atoms are connected by the solid energy of 1.1 electron volts. Violet light has an energy that is close to 3.1 eV w with a wavelength of 400 nanometers. This means that silcon absorbs visible light and infrared light of energy that greater than 1100 nanometers (Cole, John, & Browning, 2003).
Ooptical Spectroscopy
Optical instruments are applied in measuring the intensities and the visible wavelengths of regions in an electromagnetic spectrum. The instrument used in observing a spectrum is called a spectrometer and the practice of observing spectrum are called spectroscope. A spectrometer is used for measuring the wavelength of light. Refraction and dispersion of light in a prism leads to the production of a spectrum of light within the range of red to violet. While using a spectrometer, there is a need to focus the lens of the object to produce a parallel light for dispersion by the prism. Because of changes arising from the focal lengths and wavelengths, the spectrometer must be focused into a photographic plate. The diagram below demonstrates this concept (Saleh & Teich, 2007).
The refraction and dispersal of light all the way through a prism creates a spectrum of light from red to violet. This drawing shows a sincere prism spectrometer
Prism spectrometer
How it Works:
Making of pattern in nature using optical spectrometry comes naturally in life. The process is induced by the distraction of light. The light passes through a slit, then moves to the grating and eventually ends to the eye. The eyes play an pivotal role in the working of the object because its collects the light from the grating and then transfers it to the retina. Because of the efficient work of the retina, the eyes see color hidden on the wavelength of the spectrometer.
Neon Lights
Cole et al, (2003) report that the twentieth century led to the development of two alternatives to the incandescent electric light. Gas and vapor electric discharge lamps and solid-state lamps were two fundamental inventions. Neon lights are gas discharge lamps that involve the passing of distinct electric current through a gas or metal vapor. The gas then emits light that has a exceptionally specific wavelength. Different gases emit different bands in light’s spectrum. Neon lights were developed in France between 1909- 1990 by the French Scientist Ande Claude by using lamps filled with neon, they emit bright light orange light. They require unusually high voltage and used by high voltage transformers. Neon lights have the advantage of making it easy to achieve gas distance lightening. However, they have the disadvantage of requiring high voltage of electricity and a broad spectrum (Fowles, 1975).
In the 1800s, scientists found out that a gas cylinder with air pumped out could show electric conductivity and emit light. The color of light would depend on the color of the tube used. The discharge tube emits electricity from the cathode that is negatively charged. The electrons then combines with the gas and atoms eliminate the electrons out that lead to negatively charged gas ions. The atoms are then rearranged to distribute the energy levels shifting the electrons to higher energy. The atoms become excited and emit light that return to the non-excited state.
Works Cited
ACCEPT GROUP. “Optical Spectroscopy and Neon Lights.” Arizona State University . Department of Physics and Astronomy, 2000. Web. 23 June 2012. <http://www.asu.edu/courses/phs208/patternsbb/PiN/rdg/optical/optical.shtml>.
Cole,, David John, Eve Browning, and Fred Schroeder. Encyclopedia of Modern Everyday Inventions (Google eBook). Greenwood Publishing : 2003, n.d. Print.
Fowles, Grant. Introduction to Modern Optics (Google eBook). New York: Courier Dover Publications, 1975. Print.
Hitachi Spectrophotometer. “ Spectroscopy for Begginers.” Author Steam. N.p., 22 June 2012. Web. 23 June 2012. <http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/yougotit-85826-spectroscopy-4-begginers-optical-uvspectdeubestudianteundergrad-education-ppt-powerpoint/>.
Saleh, E. A, and Malvin Teich. Fundamentals of photonics. New York: Wiley-Interscience,, 2007. Print.
Tkachenko, Nikolai. Optical Spectroscopy: Methods And Instrumentations. New York City: Elsevier, 2006. Print.
