Introduction
This report is completed after a survey of cardiovascular and human papillomavirus disease that are found among the united states women.Reference
The main source of this report is from the national health and nutrition examination survey that was conducted from 2003 to 2006.Kind of research
The research was experimental as sample of participants had to be collected and then examined. Some test was conducted in order to now the real result of the expected research. From the data and result that were collected, a lot of analysis was done and conclusions reached at in a decisive manner. Purpose
This study was objected to examine the cardiovascular disease and human papillomavirus association that is within the women living I the united states.Design
The experimental designs were mainly aimed at trying to find whether there was any association between cardiovascular diseases and the HPV infection. There was some unclear information between this association. Participants
The study was conducted to collect data from 2450 women within the united states. An age bracket of the participants was between 29 years to 59 years.
Procedure
The report was conducted from the national health and nutrition examination survey. The survey was conducted for three years from 2003 to 2006. Specimen from vaginal swab was self collected and sent for DNA and HPV analysis. The analysis was conducted by L1 consensus polymerase chain reaction and the followed by the type specific hybridization. Through the diagnosis of stroke or myocardial infarction that was self reported, cardiovascular diseases were ascertained.Variables
The experiment had its own variations as it only included women from the united states and nowhere else. Also the research as only done through female participants within the age bracket of 20 to 59 years.Level of Measurement (data)
The measurement level was interval since the total number of the female participants was randomly picked but within a given set of age bracket. Instrumentation
The experiment was a survey conducted by the national health and nutrition examination body. The analysis of the collected sample was done by L1 consensus polymerase chain reaction that was also followed by the type specific hybridization. All these instruments contributed to the success of the experiment.Sample
The experimental sample was independent as it included different women all over the united states. With the participant number being 2450, the likelihood of the participating sample being dependent could be possible. Though the sample was collected only from the united states, the area of sampling is considered to be extremely large and hence the sample proved to be independent. Sampling Technique
Random type of sampling was the main mode of sampling. As noted from the results, many participants were involved by the number of participants that had the coronary artery diseases was quite so small. Also, to conduct the experiment throughout the total number 2450 women, a lot of time was required.Results or Findings
It was noted that 60 females were diagnosed with coronary artery disease. 39 out of the total 60 were also found to be positive with DNA and HPV. Cardiovascular diseases were associated with virginal DNA and HPV presence. This number should be taken into consideration and compared to the total number of participants and sample collected.Conclusions
Cardiovascular disease among women is associated with HPV infection. This is especially when cancer-associated oncogenic disease types are concerned. Critique
The study is seen to be extensive and hence more reliable. This is due to the fact that the number of participants was quite huge and their geographic distribution is also considered to be well expansive.the time frame that was used in conducting the experiment shows that good work was done.
References
Hsu-Ko Kuo, MD, MPH,* Ken Fujise, MD† ,Human Papillomavirus and Cardiovascular Disease
Among U.S. Women in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003 to 2006
Stamler J, Vaccaro O, Neaton JD, Wentworth D. Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr
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Verschuren WM, Jacobs DR, Bloemberg BP, et al. Serum total cholesterol and long-term
coronary heart disease mortality in different cultures. Twenty-five-year follow-up of the seven countries study. JAMA 1995;274:131–6.
