Introduction
Temperament can be defined as a stable, early emerging individual dissimilarities in the behavioral affinity that have a legitimate basis. There are many variations is observed in the children’s just after their birth and it is considered to be temperamental. These temperaments are different in every child like some are emotional; some have high or low activity level and some posse’s sociability and others have reactivity. These temperaments usually control the behavior of the children and they act accordingly. The theories of temperament put forward these individual differences have a biological or legitimate basis (Compas, 1987). Temperaments also imitate the biologically behavioral and emotional consistency appears earlier in life.
At the same time self-regulation reproduces progression, such as effortful control that amend reactivity, as reactivity include reply to change in an individuals’ surroundings, including expressively driven answer, such as resentment, unease, and positive influence (Rothbart & Derryberry, 1981).
Though there are many different theories related to temperaments, most agree that early individual differences in behavioral tendencies have a legitimate source and after the birth up to the teenage children’s shows great variations in their behaviors, this is usually because of their surroundings. Some study shows that teenagers’ behavior is the result of what they have adopted from their environment or what they usually observe and they behaved in the similar ways. For instance, some are too emotional, some get angry easily while few are easy going and know how to show patience. It is also recommended to the parents or the guardians of the children have to act in front of the children as they want to see them (Moffitt, 1993). From recent years there has been a rising focus on sympathetic the role of various features of temperament in representations of psychopathology and increasing attention in temperament within an expansion of psychopathology framework (bitterer & Reyes, 2009).
Temperament effects on personality
Temperament and personality are not the same. There is a different between them. Temperament describe to those characteristics of a person’s personality, for instance extroversion or introversion that are frequently considered as inherent rather than learned. Temperaments are simply one of many sides of an individual’s overall personality. There are nine different kinds of temperaments. These consist of mood, intensity, activity level, regularity, adaptability, distractibility, attention span, approach and withdrawal, and sensory threshold. Regularity tells the pattern for basic physical functions such as sleep pattern of the child, level of hunger, and the wake etc. Adaptability describes the ability of a child or person in adjusting new situations and how he can change his reaction to these (Riggins-Caspers et, al 2003). Intensity shows the energy level of a person, positive or may negative with respect to the child respond to situations. Many children put more energy is negative in spite of positive energy in a given situation. Activity refers to the child’s physical activity or power. Whether children are constantly moving or have a relaxing position, for instance child may have a high-energy than it may be difficult to sit in class, whereas a low energy may be happy in a structured environment as class. Approach or withdrawal is also known as initial reaction. It tells the behavior of a child responds to new people whether negatively or positively. Also defines that a Child feels shy or is easy to approach people or things in the environment without uncertainty. A shy child waits for a while before meeting new people, whereas bold child likely to meet people quickly. Attention span refers to the interest of the child regarding a task and also the length of time, whether he is staying on the task for long time or loss concentration quickly. Sensory threshold refers to the responsiveness. Some children upset by external stimuli such as textures, light or noises and other may ignore them. Mood refers to happiness, anger, sadness of a child. It may vary child to child. Distractibility tells about the deviation in the environment (Deas, 2005).
Child Temperament and Genetic influence
Some studies prove that genetics matters and have a significant effect on child’s temperament.
The behavioral pattern of the parents is often transferred in the offspring of they’re. But the things to ponder are that why children in the same house grow together in the same environment but have different behavior to their siblings and act in a different way. The answer is they have different experiences; both get the different level of considerations and love from their guardians or simply are treated in different ways, and chose different people to be their friends (Padilla-Walker, & Carlo, 2007).
Factors related to biology help in determining individual’s temperaments, some children have groups of personality earlier as some started possessing later, this is how personalities differs. The temperaments which are from the birth varies and keep changing as a person grows, but the nature of it is hard to change, however, levels do change. The fact one character is adopted it becomes difficult to change, no matter it encourages or discourages a person. An example can take of activity level, stating the amount of activity with which an individual’s feel comfortable. The other example is of the mood quality, related to the everyday life (Eaton, & Enns 1986).
The biological factors help in determining the temperament is such a way that it answers the nervous system related to the genetic material, and this idea has been accepted since the research has recognized. Questions were asked about the Gene environment - depression linkage; after student analysis on the, for many people it was indicated that stress causes depression. But demonstrates any gene variant is linked with more or less exposure. Though, as there seem to be many genes concerned, it is not liable that there would be an easy dominant-recessive heritage outline, like that which occurs with human eye colors. Nor is it obvious that both genes and ecological events including parent’s occurrences may need to assist in order to create distinct temperaments (Else-Quest, 2006).
Temperament and relationship
The link between the temperament and relationship is quite positive and people with a good temperament tend to maintain the relationship for longer period, whereas people with negative temperament usually keep losing their loved ones. Temperament has many proportions that to the highest degree sway choices, preferences, and most importantly decision-making. Each temperament has its own language which every person uses which has preferences and these choices keep or break relationships. The rule Opposite attracts turns into a myth, when the people are drawn with the people with restrained looking for potential partners who fill-in our gaps. For example, low intensity people want are attracted to those who energize them, on other side high intensity people want people who can make them feel relax. Organized people think a lot of the irresponsibility and propensity to imagine outside of the box of their fewer organized mate, who take pleasure in the constancy. Eventually, people act in response to differences in emotional quality, mainly due anxiety command, thus broadening the reasonable dissimilarity that first concerned them (Derryberry, & Rothbart 1988).
Gender differences in the temperament
The most fundamental question related to the gender differences is often related to the temperament, when the research is made on the personality and social behavior. Modern child temperament theories have contributed a lot to explore various views about the potential gender differences in temperament. The study was conducted by Nicole et al. 2009; related temperament connected to the gender differences in which it was found that only small differences in temperament were found though there was distinguished immunity. For instance, it was established that consistence gender difference which privileged the girls that they are with the effortful control. Whereas, level of Surgency, was favoring the boys at small and moderate level.
According to one study, it is stated that girls show more emotional reactivity in adolescences than do boys (Codispoti, Bradley, Lang, Sabatinelli, 2001). In another study, Jacklin and Maccoby, 1974) found out that after 18 months of age boys shows more arousing and frustration reactions than girls do, similarly it was also observed in the activity levels of both the genders (Enns and Eaton, 1986). There are different outlines of temperament in boys and girls and gender differences reduce after temperamental growth the differences are normal at child birth and they grow to adolescence, they are met at children join schools, by interacting with groups of peers. The issue of emergency illustrates very small gender dissimilarity, representing that boys are to some extent livelier, less shy and derive more enjoyment then girls from high amount stimuli (Else-Quest ET, 2006).
Different theories of temperament:
These theories were added to the study in order to well understand the level of temperament and how they differ in the people. These theories have helped in discovering and solving many issues related to the temperaments that need to be take measure.
- The theories of temperament make well understand about the things related to the temperament, such as a psychological propose that there are four fundamental personality types which are
- Sanguine: the people who have this type of personalities are sociable, cheerful, chatty and pleasure seeking
- Choleric: these types of people are leader-like and also very ambitious, passionate.
- Melancholic: these types of people depend on the logic and believe in analytical thinking, they appeared to be serious and are introvert also
- Phlegmatic: people with such personality are often found relax and thoughtful. These types of people are calm or clumsy, their talking style or doing any action may be slow (Caspi, et al 1995).
It may be possible that the combination of any two can be found in different people at various levels. Therefore, this theory explains the different personality types which may start from the infancy and leave its effects to the adolescences. However, different children have different traits as which develop by inherently or from their surroundings.
- Jung’s psychological theory which has the elements of temperaments, in which he states that there are two different attitudes towards life involving different modes of reacting to the circumstances. Some people are innate and for some of these types begin early in the life. Therefore, the two types were introvert and extrovert (Padilla-Walker, & Carlo, 2007).
- Introvert: this is typified by the hidden flow of the personal energy an extraction that focuses on the subjective factors. Introverts are happy being lonely with well-off mind's eye and they give value to the likeness to activity. The weaknesses of these people include the lack of confidence in order to interact with others and a propensity to be introverted. The thing that creates the problem is that they tend to notify the negative aspects of the others. These people are seen as boring and selfish
- Extrovert: It is an apparent flowing of individual energy. They are interested in events, in people and often appeared to be materialistic. They are usually motivated by the exterior factors and are affected by the surroundings. They are sociable, confidence and less cautious and fearful. They like being surrounded by the people tend to be optimistic and enthusiastic. Their weakness includes their interest in making good impression to other for which they often forget their happiness. They easily can break and make the relationships; usually they do not care for it. They often are short of self-criticism (Caspi, et al 1995).
Hence, this theory explains the different level of the temperaments; these different temperaments are less dependent on their birth and are more dependent what they have experienced from their surroundings. Some children due to extortion and untamed behavior of their guardians often lack self esteem and fear of being around people as they think that they might make any mistake and will be the victim of the extortion. Similarly, children with special care, includes the children whose all wishes are being fulfill by their guardians often become extrovert and even when something they never think sometimes. However, none of the type is can be criticized by the thing is that the level of these two should be maintained a child should be not too much introvert and not too much extrovert (Eaton, & Enns 1986). Special training should be provided to the children so that this act of infancy does not impact their adolescences.
Conclusion
The fact that Temperaments that are at infancy have effects on the adolescences, that’s why special care should be given to children in their infancy to make them emotionally strong and so that they may understand they can cope with problems. There are different personalities traits develop in the children as according to their environment.
However, it is found that variances in the temperament of the first week of life are different in the individuals. Research also shows those individual differences in change over time in temperament build power ensuing parenting practices that children may acknowledge (Bridgett et , 2009).
The reasons of difference in personality of individuals and their actions majorly depend on the surrounding and especially how one has been treated throughout her/his life. Because some ethics theorist even says that criminals are not liable of punishing as because it is how they were being treated the people who are liable are the one who has trained them in order to be like that. Therefore, the area of this theory is quite bigger and involves lots of aspects to it. Some time children often perceive differently as inherently their perceiving level changes and they take negativity to positively and might take the positivity negatively (McDevitt, & Carey 1978).
Today there have been training provided in order to make development in the children who has negative behavior impact of their infancy to their adolescences because the negativity that grew from the infancy may result to some criminal activities or illegality. Negative temperament leads harmful society, because educational Institutions focus on personality building and the confidence level of the children. All children need special attention and care. One must be very careful in dealing with children as they are the pillars of our future. What we do now, it will directly affect our future.
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